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- 9625 discussions
 
                    
                        Nicolas Widynski  <nicolas.widynski(a)lrde.epita.fr> writes:
> https://svn/svn/oln/prototypes/proto-1.0
>
> Index: ChangeLog
> from  Nicolas Widynski  <nicolas.widynski(a)lrde.epita.fr>
>
> 	Add GPL to trunk.
>
> 	* COPYING: Modify FDL to Gnu General Public License.
>
>  COPYING |  721 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------------------
>  1 file changed, 332 insertions(+), 389 deletions(-)
>
        HUGE !...
-- 
|  Mieux vaut se taire                        Michaël 'Micha' Cadilhac |
|   Que de parler trop fort.               cadilh_m - Epita 2007 - CSI |
|           -- As de trèfle                     JID: micha(a)amessage.be |
`--  -  -                                                        - - --'
                    
                  
                  
                          
                            
                            6
                            
                          
                          
                            
                            7
                            
                          
                          
                            
    
                          
                        
                    03 Apr '06
                    
                        
https://svn.lrde.epita.fr/svn/oln/trunk/metalic
Index: ChangeLog
from  Thierry Geraud  <theo(a)lrde.epita.fr>
	Add protection mechanism to case definitions and update.
	* tests/switch.cc: Update.
	* tests/protected.cc: New file.
	* tests/Makefile.am (protected): New entry.
	* mlc/ret.hh (mlc_ret_, mlc_ret_found_in): New macros.
	(ret_found_in_): Update.
	* mlc/if.hh (FIXME): Remove.
	(if_): Change inheritance into composition.
	* mlc/typedef.hh: Cosmetics.
	* mlc/switch.hh (mlc_switch, mlc_switch_): New macros.
	* mlc/TODO: Update.
	* mlc/case.hh (mlc_case, mlc_case_): New macros.
	(ERROR): Update and augment.
	(WARNING): New.
	(mlc_case_equipment_for_namespace): Update to handle protected_.
	* mlc/cmp.hh (mlc_is_found, mlc_is_not_found): New macros.
	(mlc_is_undefined, mlc_is_defined): New macros.
	(mlc_is_ok, mlc_is_not_ok): New macros.
	(is_value, is_not_value): Update.
	(is_not_found_, is_found_): Update.
	(is_not_ok_, is_ok_): Update.
 mlc/TODO           |   51 ++++++++++---
 mlc/case.hh        |  194 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 mlc/cmp.hh         |   64 +++++++++++++++--
 mlc/if.hh          |   12 ++-
 mlc/ret.hh         |   13 +++
 mlc/switch.hh      |   12 +++
 mlc/typedef.hh     |    4 -
 tests/Makefile.am  |    2 
 tests/protected.cc |  149 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/switch.cc    |   54 ++++++++++++++
 10 files changed, 501 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-)
Index: tests/switch.cc
--- tests/switch.cc	(revision 446)
+++ tests/switch.cc	(working copy)
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
     typedef int ret;
   };
 
-//   // or:
+//   // ok
 
 //   template <class T>
 //   struct case_ <test, T, 3> : public mlc::where_< mlc_is_a(T, char) >
@@ -39,6 +39,20 @@
 //     typedef mlc::not_found ret;
 //   };
 
+//   // ok
+
+//   template <class T>
+//   struct case_ <test, T, 3> : public mlc::where_< mlc_is_a(T, char) >
+//   {
+//     struct protected_ {
+//       typedef mlc::not_found ret;
+//     };
+//   };
+
+
+
+
+
 
 //   // ko
 
@@ -54,6 +68,21 @@
 //   };
 
 //   template <class T>
+//   struct case_ <test, T, 3> : public mlc::where_< mlc_is_a(T, char) >
+//   {
+//     struct protected_ {
+//     };
+//     typedef int ret;
+//   };
+
+//   template <class T>
+//   struct case_ <test, T, 3> : public mlc::where_< mlc_is_a(T, char) >
+//   {
+//     struct protected_ {
+//     };
+//   };
+
+//   template <class T>
 //   struct case_ <test, T, 3>
 //   {
 //     typedef int ret;
@@ -70,10 +99,33 @@
 //   {
 //   };
 
+//   template <class T>
+//   struct default_case_ <test, T> : public mlc::where_< mlc_is_a(T, char) >
+//   {
+//     typedef int ret;
+//   };
+
+//   template <class T>
+//   struct default_case_ <test, T>
+//   {
+//     struct protected_ {
+//       typedef int ret;
+//     }
+//     typedef int ret;
+//   };
+
+//   template <class T>
+//   struct default_case_ <test, T>
+//   {
+//     struct protected_ {
+//     }
+//   };
+
 
 } // end of namespace client
 
 
+
 template <class T>
 void print()
 {
Index: tests/Makefile.am
--- tests/Makefile.am	(revision 446)
+++ tests/Makefile.am	(working copy)
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
   if						\
   is_a						\
   or						\
+  protected					\
   ret						\
   switch					\
   typedef
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@
 if_SOURCES = if.cc
 is_a_SOURCES = is_a.cc
 or_SOURCES = or.cc
+protected_SOURCES = protected.cc
 ret_SOURCES = ret.cc
 switch_SOURCES = switch.cc
 typedef_SOURCES = typedef.cc
Index: tests/protected.cc
--- tests/protected.cc	(revision 0)
+++ tests/protected.cc	(revision 0)
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+#include <mlc/switch.hh>
+#include <mlc/cmp.hh>
+#include <mlc/typedef.hh>
+#include <mlc/assert.hh>
+#include <mlc/implies.hh>
+
+
+mlc_case_equipment_for_namespace(client);
+mlc_decl_typedef(protected_);
+
+template <typename T>
+void reveal()
+{
+  T tmp;
+}
+
+
+
+namespace client
+{
+
+  struct A
+  {
+    typedef bool typedef_in_A_only;
+  };
+
+  struct B
+  {
+    typedef char typedef_in_B_only;
+  };
+
+
+
+  // simple_test
+
+  struct simple_test;
+
+  template <class T>
+  struct case_ <simple_test, T, 1> : public mlc::where_< mlc_eq(T, A) >
+  {
+    typedef A ret;
+  };
+
+  template <class T>
+  struct case_ <simple_test, T, 2> : public mlc::where_< mlc_eq(T, B) >
+  {
+    typedef B ret;
+  };
+
+
+  // test_ok
+
+  struct test_ok;
+
+  template <class T>
+  struct case_ <test_ok, T, 1> : public mlc::where_< mlc_eq(T, A) >
+  {
+    typedef typename A::typedef_in_A_only ret;
+  };
+
+  template <class T>
+  struct case_ <test_ok, T, 2> : public mlc::where_< mlc_eq(T, B) >
+  {
+    typedef typename B::typedef_in_B_only ret;
+  };
+
+
+
+  // test_KO
+
+  struct test_KO;
+
+  template <class T>
+  struct case_ <test_KO, T, 1> : public mlc::where_< mlc_eq(T, A) >
+  {
+    typedef typename T::typedef_in_A_only ret;
+  };
+
+  template <class T>
+  struct case_ <test_KO, T, 2> : public mlc::where_< mlc_eq(T, B) >
+  {
+    typedef typename T::typedef_in_B_only ret;
+  };
+
+
+  // test_soluce
+
+  struct test_soluce;
+
+  template <class T>
+  struct case_ <test_soluce, T, 1> : public mlc::where_< mlc_eq(T, A) >
+  {
+    struct protected_ {
+      typedef typename T::typedef_in_A_only ret;
+    };
+  };
+
+  template <class T>
+  struct case_ <test_soluce, T, 2> : public mlc::where_< mlc_eq(T, B) >
+  {
+    // typedef mlc::dummy ret;
+    struct protected_ {
+      typedef typename T::typedef_in_B_only ret;
+    };
+  };
+
+
+
+} // end of namespace client
+
+
+struct ERROR_USE_EITHER_PROTECT_OR_RET_IN_A_CASE;
+
+
+
+int main()
+{
+
+  using namespace client;
+
+  typedef  switch_<simple_test, B>::ret  type;
+  reveal<type>();
+  
+
+  // typedef  switch_<test, B>    ::ret  type;
+  //  which is equiv to:
+  // typedef  case_<test, B>::ret ::ret  type;
+
+//   typedef case_<test_soluce, B>::ret ::protect::ret type;
+
+
+
+
+//   typedef case_<test_soluce, B>::ret         the_case;
+//   typedef mlc_typedef_(the_case, protected_) the_case_protected;
+//   typedef mlc_ret_(the_case)                 the_case_ret;
+
+//   mlc::assert_< mlc::xor_< mlc_is_found(the_case_protected),
+//                            mlc_is_found(the_case_ret) >,
+//                 ERROR_USE_EITHER_PROTECT_OR_RET_IN_A_CASE
+//               >::check();
+
+//   typedef mlc::if_< mlc::eq_< the_case_protected, mlc::not_found >,
+//                     the_case_ret,
+//                     mlc_ret_(the_case_protected) >::ret result;
+
+
+//   reveal<result>();
+}
Index: mlc/ret.hh
--- mlc/ret.hh	(revision 446)
+++ mlc/ret.hh	(working copy)
@@ -48,7 +48,14 @@
 
 
 
+/// \{
+/// Macros mlc_ret and mlc_ret_.
+
 # define mlc_ret(Type) typename mlc::typedef_::ret::from_<Type>::ret
+# define mlc_ret_(Type)          mlc::typedef_::ret::from_<Type>::ret
+
+/// \}
+
 
 
 // test code
@@ -62,10 +69,14 @@
   template <typename T>
   struct ret_found_in_
     : public mlc::eq_< typename mlc::typedef_::ret::from_<T>::ret2::first_elt,
-		       mlc::found >
+		       mlc::found >::bexpr
   {};
 
 } // end of namespace mlc
 
 
+# define  mlc_ret_found_in(T)  mlc::ret_found_in_<T>
+
+
+
 #endif // ! METALIC_RET_HH
Index: mlc/if.hh
--- mlc/if.hh	(revision 446)
+++ mlc/if.hh	(working copy)
@@ -53,10 +53,11 @@
 
   namespace ERROR
   {
-    struct FIXME;
+    struct THE_FIRST_PARAMETER_OF_AN_mlc_if_SHOULD_BE_AN_mlc_bexpr;
 
   } // end of mlc::ERROR
 
+
   namespace internal
   {
 
@@ -92,13 +93,16 @@
  ** \note \a Then and \a Else must be valid types, since they are both
  ** evaluated, whatever the result of \a Cond.
  */
+
   template <typename cond_type, typename then_type, typename else_type>
   struct if_ :
-    // FIXME: enable the static assertion below!!!
+
     private assert_< mlc_is_a(cond_type, mlc::abstract::bexpr),
-		     mlc::ERROR::FIXME >,
-    public internal::if_ < mlc_bool(cond_type), then_type, else_type >
+		     mlc::ERROR::THE_FIRST_PARAMETER_OF_AN_mlc_if_SHOULD_BE_AN_mlc_bexpr >
   {
+    typedef typename internal::if_< mlc_bool(cond_type),
+                                    then_type,
+                                    else_type >::ret ret;
   };
 
 } // end of namespace mlc
Index: mlc/typedef.hh
--- mlc/typedef.hh	(revision 446)
+++ mlc/typedef.hh	(working copy)
@@ -242,6 +242,9 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
 /*! \macro mlc_typedef_in(Namespace, Type, TypedefName)
 **
 ** FIXME: doc
@@ -254,7 +257,6 @@
    Namespace::typedef_::TypedefName::from_<Type>::ret
 
 
-
 /*! \macro mlc_typedef_onlyif(Type, TypedefName, Bexpr)
 **
 ** FIXME: doc
Index: mlc/switch.hh
--- mlc/switch.hh	(revision 446)
+++ mlc/switch.hh	(working copy)
@@ -32,4 +32,16 @@
 # include <mlc/case.hh>
 
 
+/// Macros mlc_switch and mlc_switch_.
+/// \{
+
+# define mlc_switch(Namespace, Context, Data) \
+  typename Namespace::switch_<Context, Data>::ret
+
+# define mlc_switch_(Namespace, Context, Data) \
+  Namespace::switch_<Context, Data>::ret
+
+/// \}
+
+
 #endif // ! METALIC_SWITCH_HH
Index: mlc/TODO
--- mlc/TODO	(revision 446)
+++ mlc/TODO	(working copy)
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 * files
 
-** bool.hh
-
-create assert.hh from parts of bool.hh
-
-** boolean and bexpr
-
-there is a confusion between mlc::abstract::boolean and the notion of
-bexpr (Boolean expression type)!
-
 ** value.hh
 
 This file mixes bool_, int_, etc. so I should be split into several
@@ -21,7 +12,22 @@
 
 * addition
 
-mlc_eval (such as mlc_bool and mlc_value)
+** macros
+
+*** mlc_eval
+
+mlc_eval should exist (in a similar way to mlc_bool and mlc_value)
+
+*** mlc_value
+
+rec pb
+
+** cmp.hh
+
+clearly check that params are neither values not bexprs
+
+clearly state the difference (and use cases) between mlc_eq and mlc_is_a
+then check that is_something facilities conform to the use case rules
 
 
 * renaming
@@ -50,6 +56,29 @@
 works well and we do not have to write mlc_is_a_ with the '_' at the end
 so that's better.   yet is it a direct consequence of the wrapping?
 
+** if_
+
+then_type and else_type are not protected; find a solution
+
+** logic.hh
+
+add some tests to check that err msg are ok
+(the pb is that they may propagate...)
+
+
+
+
+* DONE!
+
+** bool.hh
+
+create assert.hh from parts of bool.hh
+
+** boolean and bexpr
+
+there is a confusion between mlc::abstract::boolean and the notion of
+bexpr (Boolean expression type)!
+
 ** boolean and bexpr
 
 the last part of the disambiguation between boolean and bexpr is to
@@ -63,5 +92,3 @@
 static checks should change
 *** remove
 eval in true_ and false_
-
-
Index: mlc/case.hh
--- mlc/case.hh	(revision 446)
+++ mlc/case.hh	(working copy)
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 
 # include <mlc/bexpr.hh>
 # include <mlc/assert.hh>
+# include <mlc/abort.hh>
 # include <mlc/ret.hh>
 # include <mlc/is_a.hh>
 # include <mlc/implies.hh>
@@ -38,6 +39,19 @@
 # include <mlc/if.hh>
 
 
+/// Macros mlc_case and mlc_case_.
+/// \{
+
+# define mlc_case(Namespace, Context, Data) \
+  typename Namespace::case_<Context, Data>::ret
+
+# define mlc_case_(Namespace, Context, Data) \
+  Namespace::case_<Context, Data>::ret
+
+/// \}
+
+
+
 // FIXME: doc this file!
 
 
@@ -59,14 +73,52 @@
 
   namespace ERROR
   {
+    struct PARAMETER_OF_mlc_where_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR;
+
     struct A_case_STATEMENT_SHOULD_NOT_START_AT_INDEX_0_BUT_1;
+
     struct A_case_STATEMENT_SHOULD_DERIVE_FROM_mlc_where_;
     struct A_default_case_STATEMENT_SHOULD_NOT_DERIVE_FROM_mlc_where_;
+
+    struct A_default_case_STATEMENT_IN_A_switch_SHOULD_HAVE_EITHER_A_ret_OR_A_protected;
+    struct A_default_case_STATEMENT_IN_A_switch_SHOULD_NOT_HAVE_BOTH_A_ret_AND_A_protected;
+    struct THE_protected_PART_OF_A_default_case_STATEMENT_IN_A_switch_SHOULD_HAVE_A_ret;
+
+    struct A_case_STATEMENT_IN_A_switch_SHOULD_HAVE_EITHER_A_ret_OR_A_protected;
+    struct A_case_STATEMENT_IN_A_switch_SHOULD_NOT_HAVE_BOTH_A_ret_AND_A_protected;
+    struct THE_protected_PART_OF_A_case_STATEMENT_IN_A_switch_SHOULD_HAVE_A_ret;
+
     struct NO_case_STATEMENT_CAN_BE_SELECTED;
-    struct A_default_case_STATEMENT_IN_A_switch_SHOULD_HAVE_A_ret;
-    struct A_case_STATEMENT_IN_A_switch_SHOULD_HAVE_A_ret;
-    struct PARAMETER_OF_mlc_where_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR;
-  }
+
+  } // end of namespace mlc::ERROR
+
+
+  namespace WARNING
+  {
+    struct NO_default_case_STATEMENT_HAS_BEEN_DEFINED;
+
+  } // end of namespace mlc::WARNING
+
+
+
+  namespace internal
+  {
+
+    template <typename T, typename T_is_bexpr>
+    struct where_;
+
+    template <typename bexpr>
+    struct where_ < bexpr, mlc::true_ >
+      : public mlc_if_(bexpr, case_selected, case_not_selected)
+    {
+    };
+
+    template <typename T>
+    struct where_ < T, mlc::false_ >
+    {
+    };
+
+  } // end of namespace mlc::internal
 
 
   template <typename bexpr>
@@ -75,11 +127,17 @@
     private assert_< mlc_is_a(bexpr, mlc::abstract::bexpr),
 		     mlc::ERROR::PARAMETER_OF_mlc_where_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR >,
 
-    public mlc_if_( bexpr, case_selected, case_not_selected )
+    // hack so that the error above cannot propagate to the mlc_if_
+    public internal::where_< bexpr,
+			     typename mlc_is_a(bexpr, mlc::abstract::bexpr)::eval >
   {
   };
   
 
+
+  mlc_decl_typedef(protected_);
+
+
 } // end of namespace mlc
 
 
@@ -114,6 +172,17 @@
   };																\
 																\
 																\
+  template <typename a_case>																\
+  struct protected_in_																	\
+  {																			\
+    typedef typename mlc::typedef_::protected_::from_<a_case>::ret the;											\
+    typedef typename mlc::is_found_<the>::bexpr is_found;												\
+    typedef typename mlc::ret_found_in_<the>::bexpr is_found_with_ret;											\
+    typedef mlc_ret(the) ret;																\
+  };																			\
+																			\
+																			\
+																			\
   namespace internal														\
   {																\
 																\
@@ -129,20 +198,53 @@
     struct handle_case_ <use, context, data, i, 1, 1>;										\
 																\
 																\
-    template <typename use, typename context, typename data>									\
-    struct handle_default_case_													\
+    template <typename use,																\
+	      typename context, typename data>														\
+    struct handle_default_case_;															\
+																			\
 																\
-      : private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc_is_not_a(mlc_comma_1(NAMESPACE::default_case_<context, data>),			\
-							  mlc::undefined),							\
+																			\
+    template <typename context, typename data>														\
+    struct handle_default_case_ < mlc::internal::a_simple_case, context, data >										\
+																			\
+      : private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc::is_defined_< NAMESPACE::default_case_<context, data> >,						\
 					     mlc_is_not_a(mlc_comma_1(NAMESPACE::default_case_<context, data>),			\
 							  mlc::where_) >,							\
-			      mlc::ERROR::A_default_case_STATEMENT_SHOULD_NOT_DERIVE_FROM_mlc_where_ >,				\
+			      mlc::ERROR::A_default_case_STATEMENT_SHOULD_NOT_DERIVE_FROM_mlc_where_ >							\
+    {																			\
+      typedef NAMESPACE::default_case_<context, data> case_t;												\
+      typedef typename protected_in_<case_t>::the protected_case_t;											\
 																\
-	private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc::and_< mlc::eq_<use, mlc::internal::a_switch_case>,				\
+      typedef typename mlc::if_< mlc::is_found_<protected_case_t>,											\
+	                         protected_case_t,													\
+	                         case_t >::ret ret;													\
+    };																			\
+																			\
+																			\
+    template <typename context, typename data>														\
+    struct handle_default_case_ < mlc::internal::a_switch_case, context, data >										\
+																			\
+      : private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc::is_defined_< NAMESPACE::default_case_<context, data> >,						\
 							mlc_is_not_a(mlc_comma_1(NAMESPACE::default_case_<context, data>),	\
-								     mlc::undefined) >,						\
-					     mlc::ret_found_in_< NAMESPACE::default_case_<context, data> > >,			\
-			      mlc::ERROR::A_default_case_STATEMENT_IN_A_switch_SHOULD_HAVE_A_ret >				\
+							  mlc::where_) >,										\
+			      mlc::ERROR::A_default_case_STATEMENT_SHOULD_NOT_DERIVE_FROM_mlc_where_ >,							\
+																			\
+	private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc::is_defined_< NAMESPACE::default_case_<context, data> >,						\
+					     mlc::or_< mlc::ret_found_in_< NAMESPACE::default_case_<context, data> >,					\
+						       typename protected_in_< NAMESPACE::default_case_<context, data> >::is_found > >,			\
+			      mlc::ERROR::A_default_case_STATEMENT_IN_A_switch_SHOULD_HAVE_EITHER_A_ret_OR_A_protected >,				\
+																			\
+	private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc::and_< mlc::is_defined_< NAMESPACE::default_case_<context, data> >,					\
+							mlc::or_< mlc::ret_found_in_< NAMESPACE::default_case_<context, data> >,			\
+								  typename protected_in_< NAMESPACE::default_case_<context, data> >::is_found > >,	\
+					     mlc::xor_< mlc::ret_found_in_< NAMESPACE::default_case_<context, data> >,					\
+							typename protected_in_< NAMESPACE::default_case_<context, data> >::is_found > >,		\
+			      mlc::ERROR::A_default_case_STATEMENT_IN_A_switch_SHOULD_NOT_HAVE_BOTH_A_ret_AND_A_protected >,				\
+																			\
+        private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< typename protected_in_< NAMESPACE::default_case_<context, data> >::is_found,				\
+					     typename protected_in_< NAMESPACE::default_case_<context, data> >::is_found_with_ret >,			\
+			      mlc::ERROR::THE_protected_PART_OF_A_default_case_STATEMENT_IN_A_switch_SHOULD_HAVE_A_ret >				\
+																			\
     {																\
       typedef NAMESPACE::default_case_<context, data> case_t;									\
       typedef typename mlc::if_<mlc_is_a(case_t, mlc::undefined),								\
@@ -154,14 +256,19 @@
     template <typename use, typename context, typename data, unsigned i>							\
     struct handle_case_ <use, context, data, i, 0, 0>										\
 																\
-      : private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc_is_not_a(mlc_comma_2(NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i>),			\
-							  mlc::undefined),							\
+      : private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc::is_defined_< NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> >,							\
 					     mlc_is_a(mlc_comma_2(NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i>),				\
 						      mlc::where_) >,								\
-			      mlc::ERROR::A_case_STATEMENT_SHOULD_DERIVE_FROM_mlc_where_ >					\
+			      mlc::ERROR::A_case_STATEMENT_SHOULD_DERIVE_FROM_mlc_where_ >,								\
+																			\
+	private mlc::assert_< mlc::is_defined_< NAMESPACE::default_case_<context, data> >,								\
+			      mlc::WARNING::NO_default_case_STATEMENT_HAS_BEEN_DEFINED >								\
+																			\
     {																\
       typedef handle_default_case_<use, context, data> handle_t;								\
-      typedef typename handle_t::ret ret;											\
+      typedef typename mlc::if_< mlc::is_defined_< NAMESPACE::default_case_<context, data> >,								\
+	                         typename handle_t::ret,												\
+	                         mlc::none >::ret ret;													\
     };																\
 																\
 																\
@@ -177,12 +284,31 @@
 			      mlc::ERROR::A_case_STATEMENT_SHOULD_DERIVE_FROM_mlc_where_ >,					\
 																\
 	private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc::and_< mlc::eq_<use, mlc::internal::a_switch_case>,				\
-							mlc_is_not_a(mlc_comma_2(NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i>),		\
-								     mlc::undefined) >,						\
-					     mlc::ret_found_in_< NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> > >,			\
-			      mlc::ERROR::A_case_STATEMENT_IN_A_switch_SHOULD_HAVE_A_ret >					\
+							mlc::is_defined_< NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> > >,					\
+					     mlc::or_< mlc::ret_found_in_< NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> >,					\
+						       typename protected_in_< NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> >::is_found > >,			\
+			      mlc::ERROR::A_case_STATEMENT_IN_A_switch_SHOULD_HAVE_EITHER_A_ret_OR_A_protected >,					\
+																			\
+	private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc::and_list_< mlc::eq_<use, mlc::internal::a_switch_case>,						\
+							     mlc::is_defined_< NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> >,					\
+							     mlc::or_< mlc::ret_found_in_< NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> >,			\
+								       typename protected_in_< NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> >::is_found > >,	\
+					     mlc::xor_< mlc::ret_found_in_< NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> >,					\
+							typename protected_in_< NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> >::is_found > >,			\
+			      mlc::ERROR::A_case_STATEMENT_IN_A_switch_SHOULD_NOT_HAVE_BOTH_A_ret_AND_A_protected >,					\
+																			\
+	private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc::and_list_< mlc::eq_<use, mlc::internal::a_switch_case>,						\
+							     mlc::is_defined_< NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> >,					\
+							     typename protected_in_< NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> >::is_found >,			\
+      					     typename protected_in_< NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> >::is_found_with_ret >,				\
+			      mlc::ERROR::THE_protected_PART_OF_A_case_STATEMENT_IN_A_switch_SHOULD_HAVE_A_ret >					\
     {																\
-      typedef NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> ret;										\
+      typedef NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> case_t;												\
+      typedef typename protected_in_<case_t>::the protected_case_t;											\
+																			\
+      typedef typename mlc::if_< mlc::is_found_<protected_case_t>,											\
+	                         protected_case_t,													\
+	                         case_t >::ret ret;													\
     };																\
 																\
 																\
@@ -198,10 +324,24 @@
 			      mlc::ERROR::A_case_STATEMENT_SHOULD_DERIVE_FROM_mlc_where_ >,					\
 																\
 	private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc::and_< mlc::eq_<use, mlc::internal::a_switch_case>,				\
-							mlc_is_not_a(mlc_comma_2(NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i>),		\
-								     mlc::undefined) >,						\
-					     mlc::ret_found_in_< NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> > >,			\
-			      mlc::ERROR::A_case_STATEMENT_IN_A_switch_SHOULD_HAVE_A_ret >					\
+							mlc::is_defined_< NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> > >,					\
+					     mlc::or_< mlc::ret_found_in_< NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> >,					\
+						       typename protected_in_< NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> >::is_found > >,			\
+			      mlc::ERROR::A_case_STATEMENT_IN_A_switch_SHOULD_HAVE_EITHER_A_ret_OR_A_protected >,					\
+																			\
+	private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc::and_list_< mlc::eq_<use, mlc::internal::a_switch_case>,						\
+							     mlc::is_defined_< NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> >,					\
+							     mlc::or_< mlc::ret_found_in_< NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> >,			\
+								       typename protected_in_< NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> >::is_found > >,	\
+					     mlc::xor_< mlc::ret_found_in_< NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> >,					\
+							typename protected_in_< NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> >::is_found > >,			\
+			      mlc::ERROR::A_case_STATEMENT_IN_A_switch_SHOULD_NOT_HAVE_BOTH_A_ret_AND_A_protected >,					\
+																			\
+	private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc::and_list_< mlc::eq_<use, mlc::internal::a_switch_case>,						\
+							     mlc::is_defined_< NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> >,					\
+							     typename protected_in_< NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> >::is_found >,			\
+      					     typename protected_in_< NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i> >::is_found_with_ret >,				\
+			      mlc::ERROR::THE_protected_PART_OF_A_case_STATEMENT_IN_A_switch_SHOULD_HAVE_A_ret >					\
     {																\
       typedef mlc_is_a(mlc_comma_2(NAMESPACE::case_<context, data, i+1>),							\
 		       mlc::case_selected) next_case_is_selected;								\
Index: mlc/cmp.hh
--- mlc/cmp.hh	(revision 446)
+++ mlc/cmp.hh	(working copy)
@@ -33,23 +33,45 @@
 # include <mlc/logic.hh>
 
 
-/// Macros mlc_eq and mlc_neq.
+
+/// \{
+/// Macros mlc_eq(T1, T2) and mlc_neq(T1, T2).
+
 # define mlc_eq( T1, T2) mlc::eq_ <T1, T2>
 # define mlc_neq(T1, T2) mlc::neq_<T1, T2>
 
+/// \}
+
+
+
+/// \{
+/// Macros mlc_something(T) corresponding to mlc::something_<T>.
+
+# define mlc_is_found(T)     mlc::is_found_<T>
+# define mlc_is_not_found(T) mlc::is_not_found_<T>
+
+# define mlc_is_undefined(T) mlc::is_undefined_<T>
+# define mlc_is_defined(T)   mlc::is_defined_<T>
+
+# define mlc_is_ok(T)     mlc::is_ok_<T>
+# define mlc_is_not_ok(T) mlc::is_not_ok_<T>
+
+/// \}
+
+
 
 namespace mlc
 {
 
   /// Check whether \a T is a mlc::abstract::value.
   template <typename T>
-  struct is_value : public mlc_is_a(T, mlc::abstract::value)
+  struct is_value : public mlc_is_a(T, mlc::abstract::value)::bexpr
   {
   };
 
   /// Check whether \a T is not a mlc::abstract::value.
   template <typename T>
-  struct is_not_value : public not_<mlc_is_a(T, mlc::abstract::value)>
+  struct is_not_value : public not_<mlc_is_a(T, mlc::abstract::value)>::bexpr
   {
   };
 
@@ -71,6 +93,8 @@
   };
   /// \}
 
+
+
   /// Inequality test between a couple of types.
   /// \{
   template <typename T1, typename T2>
@@ -95,24 +119,48 @@
   /// Shortcuts for comparison with mlc::not_found.
   /// \{
   template <typename T>
-  struct is_found : public neq_<T, not_found>
+  struct is_not_found_ : public mlc_is_a(T, mlc::not_found)::bexpr
   {
   };
 
   template <typename T>
-  struct is_not_found : public neq_<T, not_found>
+  struct is_found_ : public mlc_is_not_a(T, mlc::not_found)::bexpr
+  {
+  };
+  /// \}
+
+
+  /// Shortcuts for testing inheritance from mlc::undefined.
+  /// \{
+  template <typename T>
+  struct is_undefined_ : public mlc_is_a(T, mlc::undefined)::bexpr
+  {
+  };
+
+  template <typename T>
+  struct is_defined_ : public mlc_is_not_a(T, mlc::undefined)::bexpr
   {
   };
   /// \}
 
 
   /// Check whether a type is a sound (supposedly before using it).
+  /// \{
+  template <typename T>
+  struct is_not_ok_ : public or_list_< is_not_found_<T>,
+				       is_undefined_<T>,
+				       mlc_is_a(T, mlc::not_ok) >::bexpr
+  {
+  };
+
   template <typename T>
-  struct is_ok : public and_< neq_<T, not_found>,
-			      and_< neq_<T, not_ok>,
-				    neq_<T, undefined > > >
+  struct is_ok_ : public and_list_< is_found_<T>,
+				    is_defined_<T>,
+				    mlc_is_not_a(T, mlc::not_ok) >::bexpr
   {
   };
+  /// \}
+
 
 } // end of namespace mlc
 
                    
                  
                  
                          
                            
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https://svn/svn/oln/prototypes/proto-1.0
Index: ChangeLog
from  Nicolas Widynski  <nicolas.widynski(a)lrde.epita.fr>
	Add GPL to trunk.
	* COPYING: Modify FDL to Gnu General Public License.
 COPYING |  721 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------------------
 1 file changed, 332 insertions(+), 389 deletions(-)
Index: COPYING
--- COPYING	(revision 444)
+++ COPYING	(working copy)
@@ -1,397 +1,340 @@
-GNU Free Documentation License
-		  Version 1.2, November 2002
+		    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+		       Version 2, June 1991
 
-
- Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002,2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ Copyright (C) 1989, 1991, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
      51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
  Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
  of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
 
+			    Preamble
 
-0. PREAMBLE
-
-The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
-functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
-assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
-with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
-Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
-to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
-for modifications made by others.
-
-This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
-works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It
-complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
-license designed for free software.
-
-We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
-software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
-program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
-software does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals;
-it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
-whether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License
-principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
-
-
-1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
-
-This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
-contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
-distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice grants a
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-copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
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                            1
                            
                          
                          
                            
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                    27 Mar '06
                    
                        
https://svn.lrde.epita.fr/svn/oln/trunk/metalic
Index: ChangeLog
from  Thierry Geraud  <theo(a)lrde.epita.fr>
	Remove remaining dependencies between Boolean values and exprs.
	* mlc/bool.hh (bool_): Remove inheritance from bexpr_is_.
	* mlc/bexpr.hh (bexpr_is_): Rename as...
	(bexpr_): ...this.
	(bexpr_<b>::bexpr): New typedef so that bexprs can be simplified.
	* tests/if.cc: Update.
	* mlc/logic.hh: Add macros; add static checks; update.
	* mlc/if.hh: Add static check.
	* mlc/implies.hh: Add static check and update.
	* mlc/abort.hh: Update.
	* mlc/is_a.hh (where_): Add static check.
	Update.
	* mlc/case.hh: Update.
	* mlc/cmp.hh: Update.
 mlc/abort.hh   |    2 
 mlc/bexpr.hh   |   63 ++++++++---------
 mlc/bool.hh    |    3 
 mlc/case.hh    |   13 ++-
 mlc/cmp.hh     |    8 +-
 mlc/if.hh      |    9 ++
 mlc/implies.hh |   29 +++++---
 mlc/is_a.hh    |   10 +-
 mlc/logic.hh   |  201 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 tests/if.cc    |    4 -
 10 files changed, 235 insertions(+), 107 deletions(-)
Index: tests/if.cc
--- tests/if.cc	(revision 443)
+++ tests/if.cc	(working copy)
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@
 int
 main()
 {
-  typedef mlc_if_(mlc::true_, alpha, beta) x;
+  typedef mlc_if_(mlc::bexpr_<true>, alpha, beta) x;
   mlc::assert_< mlc_eq(x, alpha) >::check();
 
-  typedef mlc_if_(mlc::false_, gamma, delta) y;
+  typedef mlc_if_(mlc::bexpr_<false>, gamma, delta) y;
   mlc::assert_< mlc_eq(y, delta) >::check();
 }
Index: mlc/bool.hh
--- mlc/bool.hh	(revision 443)
+++ mlc/bool.hh	(working copy)
@@ -57,8 +57,7 @@
   */
   
   template <bool b>
-  struct bool_ : public bexpr_is_<b>,
-		 public abstract::boolean
+  struct bool_ : public abstract::boolean
 		 
   {
     /*! \typedef type
Index: mlc/logic.hh
--- mlc/logic.hh	(revision 443)
+++ mlc/logic.hh	(working copy)
@@ -28,26 +28,71 @@
 #ifndef METALIC_LOGIC_HH
 # define METALIC_LOGIC_HH
 
-# include <mlc/bool.hh>
 # include <mlc/bexpr.hh>
 # include <mlc/assert.hh>
+# include <mlc/is_a.hh>
+
+
+
+
+/// Macros corresponding to binary logic Boolean expressions.
+/// \{
+
+# define  mlc_and(L, R)   mlc::and_ < L, R >
+# define  mlc_nand(L, R)  mlc::nand_< L, R >
+# define  mlc_or(L, R)    mlc::or_  < L, R >
+# define  mlc_nor(L, R)   mlc::nor_ < L, R >
+# define  mlc_xor(L, R)   mlc::xor_ < L, R >
+# define  mlc_xnor(L, R)  mlc::xnor_< L, R >
+
+/// \}
+
 
 
 
 namespace mlc
 {
 
+  namespace ERROR
+  {
+
+    struct PARAMETER_OF_mlc_not_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR;
+
+    struct FIRST_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_and_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR;
+    struct FIRST_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_nand_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR;
+    struct FIRST_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_or_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR;
+    struct FIRST_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_nor_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR;
+    struct FIRST_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_xor_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR;
+    struct FIRST_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_xnor_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR;
+
+    struct SECOND_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_and_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR;
+    struct SECOND_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_nand_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR;
+    struct SECOND_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_or_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR;
+    struct SECOND_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_nor_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR;
+    struct SECOND_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_xor_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR;
+    struct SECOND_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_xnor_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR;
+
+  } // end of mlc::ERROR
+
+
+
   /*! \class mlc::not_<T>
   **
   ** Logical unary 'not' operator on a Boolean expression type.  This
   ** class is also a Boolean expression type.
   */
+
   template <typename T>
   struct not_
-    : public bexpr_is_<( !mlc_bool(T) )>
+
+    : private assert_< mlc_is_a(T, mlc::abstract::bexpr),
+		       mlc::ERROR::PARAMETER_OF_mlc_not_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR >,
+
+      public bexpr_<( !mlc_bool(T) )>
   {};
 
 
+
   /*! \class mlc::and_<L,R>
   **
   ** Logical binary 'and' operator on a couple of Boolean expression
@@ -55,12 +100,21 @@
   **
   ** \see mlc::and_list_<..>
   */
+
   template <typename L, typename R>
   struct and_
-    : public bexpr_is_<( mlc_bool(L) && mlc_bool(R) )>
+
+    : private assert_< mlc_is_a(L, mlc::abstract::bexpr),
+		       mlc::ERROR::FIRST_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_and_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR >,
+
+      private assert_< mlc_is_a(R, mlc::abstract::bexpr),
+		       mlc::ERROR::SECOND_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_and_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR >,
+
+      public bexpr_<( mlc_bool(L) && mlc_bool(R) )>
   {};
 
 
+
   /*! \class mlc::nand_<L,R>
   **
   ** Logical binary 'not and' operator on a couple of Boolean
@@ -68,12 +122,21 @@
   **
   ** Design note: an equivalent is mlc::not_< mlc::and_<L,R> >.
   */
+
   template <typename L, typename R>
   struct nand_
-    : public bexpr_is_<( !(mlc_bool(L) && mlc_bool(R)) )>
+
+    : private assert_< mlc_is_a(L, mlc::abstract::bexpr),
+		       mlc::ERROR::FIRST_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_nand_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR >,
+
+      private assert_< mlc_is_a(R, mlc::abstract::bexpr),
+		       mlc::ERROR::SECOND_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_nand_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR >,
+
+      public bexpr_<( !(mlc_bool(L) && mlc_bool(R)) )>
   {}; 
 
 
+
   /*! \class mlc::or_<L,R>
   **
   ** Logical binary 'or' operator on a couple of Boolean expression
@@ -81,12 +144,21 @@
   **
   ** \see mlc::or_list_<..>
   */
+
   template <typename L, typename R>
   struct or_
-    : public bexpr_is_<( mlc_bool(L) || mlc_bool(R) )>
+
+    : private assert_< mlc_is_a(L, mlc::abstract::bexpr),
+		       mlc::ERROR::FIRST_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_or_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR >,
+
+      private assert_< mlc_is_a(R, mlc::abstract::bexpr),
+		       mlc::ERROR::SECOND_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_or_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR >,
+      
+      public bexpr_<( mlc_bool(L) || mlc_bool(R) )>
   {};
 
 
+
   /*! \class mlc::nor_<L,R>
   **
   ** Logical binary 'not or' operator on a couple of Boolean
@@ -94,20 +166,37 @@
   **
   ** Design note: an equivalent is mlc::not_< mlc::or_<L,R> >.
   */
+
   template <typename L, typename R>
   struct nor_
-    : public bexpr_is_<( !(mlc_bool(L) || mlc_bool(R)) )>
+
+    : private assert_< mlc_is_a(L, mlc::abstract::bexpr),
+		       mlc::ERROR::FIRST_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_nor_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR >,
+
+      private assert_< mlc_is_a(R, mlc::abstract::bexpr),
+		       mlc::ERROR::SECOND_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_nor_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR >,
+    
+      public bexpr_<( !(mlc_bool(L) || mlc_bool(R)) )>
   {};
 
 
+
   /*! \class mlc::xor_<L,R>
   **
   ** Logical binary 'exclusive or' operator on a couple of Boolean
   ** expression types.  This class is also a Boolean expression type.
   */
+
   template <typename L, typename R>
   struct xor_
-    : public bexpr_is_<( mlc_bool(L) != mlc_bool(R) )>
+
+    : private assert_< mlc_is_a(L, mlc::abstract::bexpr),
+		       mlc::ERROR::FIRST_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_xor_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR >,
+
+      private assert_< mlc_is_a(R, mlc::abstract::bexpr),
+		       mlc::ERROR::SECOND_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_xor_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR >,
+
+      public bexpr_<( mlc_bool(L) != mlc_bool(R) )>
   {};
 
 
@@ -116,9 +205,17 @@
   ** Logical binary 'exclusive not or' operator on a couple of Boolean
   ** expression types.  This class is also a Boolean expression type.
   */
+
   template <typename L, typename R>
   struct xnor_
-    : public bexpr_is_<( !(mlc_bool(L) != mlc_bool(R)) )>
+
+    : private assert_< mlc_is_a(L, mlc::abstract::bexpr),
+		       mlc::ERROR::FIRST_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_xnor_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR >,
+
+      private assert_< mlc_is_a(R, mlc::abstract::bexpr),
+		       mlc::ERROR::SECOND_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_xnor_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR >,
+
+      public bexpr_<( !(mlc_bool(L) != mlc_bool(R)) )>
   {};
   
 
@@ -131,21 +228,27 @@
     // FIXME: doc
 
     template <typename A>
-    struct is_bexpr_or_none_ : public true_ // FIXME: pb using mlc_is_a because of circular deps
+    struct is_bexpr_or_none_
+      : public mlc_is_a(A, mlc::abstract::bexpr)
     {
     };
 
+    template <>
+    struct is_bexpr_or_none_ < none >
+      : public bexpr_<true>
+    {
+    };
 
-    // va_eval_
+    // va_bexpr_
 
     template <typename A>
-    struct va_eval_
+    struct va_bexpr_
     {
-      typedef typename A::eval ret;
+      typedef typename A::bexpr ret;
     };
 
     template <>
-    struct va_eval_ <none>
+    struct va_bexpr_ <none>
     {
       typedef none ret;
     };
@@ -155,17 +258,17 @@
 
     template <typename A1, typename A2>
     struct or_list_2_
-      : public or_<A1, A2>::eval
+      : public or_<A1, A2>
     {};
 
     template <>
     struct or_list_2_ <none, none>
-      : public false_
+      : public bexpr_<false>
     {};
 
     template <typename A1>
     struct or_list_2_ <A1, none>
-      : public A1
+      : public A1::bexpr
     {};
 
     template <typename A2>
@@ -175,13 +278,13 @@
 
     template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4>
     struct or_list_4_
-      : public or_list_2_< typename or_list_2_<A1, A2>::eval,
-			   typename or_list_2_<A3, A4>::eval >::eval
+      : public or_list_2_< typename or_list_2_<A1, A2>::bexpr,
+			   typename or_list_2_<A3, A4>::bexpr >::bexpr
     {};
 
     template <>
     struct or_list_4_ <none, none, none, none>
-      : public false_
+      : public bexpr_<false>
     {};
 
     // or_list_
@@ -189,8 +292,8 @@
     template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4,
 	      typename A5, typename A6, typename A7, typename A8>
     struct or_list_
-      : public or_list_2_< typename or_list_4_<A1, A2, A3, A4>::eval,
-			   typename or_list_4_<A5, A6, A7, A8>::eval >::eval
+      : public or_list_2_< typename or_list_4_<A1, A2, A3, A4>::bexpr,
+			   typename or_list_4_<A5, A6, A7, A8>::bexpr >::bexpr
     {};
 
 
@@ -198,12 +301,12 @@
 
     template <typename A1, typename A2>
     struct and_list_2_
-      : public and_<A1, A2>::eval
+      : public and_<A1, A2>
     {};
 
     template <>
     struct and_list_2_ <none, none>
-      : public true_
+      : public bexpr_<true>
     {};
 
     template <typename A1>
@@ -218,13 +321,13 @@
 
     template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4>
     struct and_list_4_
-      : public and_list_2_< typename and_list_2_<A1, A2>::eval,
-			    typename and_list_2_<A3, A4>::eval >::eval
+      : public and_list_2_< typename and_list_2_<A1, A2>::bexpr,
+			    typename and_list_2_<A3, A4>::bexpr >::bexpr
     {};
 
     template <>
     struct and_list_4_ <none, none, none, none>
-      : public true_
+      : public bexpr_<true>
     {};
 
     // and_list_
@@ -232,8 +335,8 @@
     template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4,
 	      typename A5, typename A6, typename A7, typename A8>
     struct and_list_
-      : public and_list_2_< typename and_list_4_<A1, A2, A3, A4>::eval,
-			    typename and_list_4_<A5, A6, A7, A8>::eval >::eval
+      : public and_list_2_< typename and_list_4_<A1, A2, A3, A4>::bexpr,
+			    typename and_list_4_<A5, A6, A7, A8>::bexpr >::bexpr
     {};
 
   } // end of mlc::internal
@@ -262,7 +365,9 @@
 	    typename A6 = none,
 	    typename A7 = none,
 	    typename A8 = none>
-  struct or_list_ : private multiple_assert_< internal::is_bexpr_or_none_<A1>,
+  struct or_list_ :
+
+    private multiple_assert_< internal::is_bexpr_or_none_<A1>,
 					      internal::is_bexpr_or_none_<A2>,
 					      internal::is_bexpr_or_none_<A3>,
 					      internal::is_bexpr_or_none_<A4>,
@@ -270,14 +375,15 @@
 					      internal::is_bexpr_or_none_<A6>,
 					      internal::is_bexpr_or_none_<A7>,
 					      internal::is_bexpr_or_none_<A8> >,
-		    public internal::or_list_< typename internal::va_eval_<A1>::ret,
-					       typename internal::va_eval_<A2>::ret,
-					       typename internal::va_eval_<A3>::ret,
-					       typename internal::va_eval_<A4>::ret,
-					       typename internal::va_eval_<A5>::ret,
-					       typename internal::va_eval_<A6>::ret,
-					       typename internal::va_eval_<A7>::ret,
-					       typename internal::va_eval_<A8>::ret >
+
+    public internal::or_list_< typename internal::va_bexpr_<A1>::ret,
+			       typename internal::va_bexpr_<A2>::ret,
+			       typename internal::va_bexpr_<A3>::ret,
+			       typename internal::va_bexpr_<A4>::ret,
+			       typename internal::va_bexpr_<A5>::ret,
+			       typename internal::va_bexpr_<A6>::ret,
+			       typename internal::va_bexpr_<A7>::ret,
+			       typename internal::va_bexpr_<A8>::ret >
   {
   };
 
@@ -300,7 +406,9 @@
 	    typename A6 = none,
 	    typename A7 = none,
 	    typename A8 = none>
-  struct and_list_ : private multiple_assert_< internal::is_bexpr_or_none_<A1>,
+  struct and_list_ :
+
+    private multiple_assert_< internal::is_bexpr_or_none_<A1>,
 					       internal::is_bexpr_or_none_<A2>,
 					       internal::is_bexpr_or_none_<A3>,
 					       internal::is_bexpr_or_none_<A4>,
@@ -308,14 +416,15 @@
 					       internal::is_bexpr_or_none_<A6>,
 					       internal::is_bexpr_or_none_<A7>,
 					       internal::is_bexpr_or_none_<A8> >,
-		     public internal::and_list_< typename internal::va_eval_<A1>::ret,
-						 typename internal::va_eval_<A2>::ret,
-						 typename internal::va_eval_<A3>::ret,
-						 typename internal::va_eval_<A4>::ret,
-						 typename internal::va_eval_<A5>::ret,
-						 typename internal::va_eval_<A6>::ret,
-						 typename internal::va_eval_<A7>::ret,
-						 typename internal::va_eval_<A8>::ret >
+
+    public internal::and_list_< typename internal::va_bexpr_<A1>::ret,
+				typename internal::va_bexpr_<A2>::ret,
+				typename internal::va_bexpr_<A3>::ret,
+				typename internal::va_bexpr_<A4>::ret,
+				typename internal::va_bexpr_<A5>::ret,
+				typename internal::va_bexpr_<A6>::ret,
+				typename internal::va_bexpr_<A7>::ret,
+				typename internal::va_bexpr_<A8>::ret >
   {
   };
 
Index: mlc/if.hh
--- mlc/if.hh	(revision 443)
+++ mlc/if.hh	(working copy)
@@ -51,6 +51,12 @@
 namespace mlc
 {
 
+  namespace ERROR
+  {
+    struct FIXME;
+
+  } // end of mlc::ERROR
+
   namespace internal
   {
 
@@ -89,7 +95,8 @@
   template <typename cond_type, typename then_type, typename else_type>
   struct if_ :
     // FIXME: enable the static assertion below!!!
-    private assert_< mlc_is_a(cond_type, mlc::abstract::bexpr) >,
+    private assert_< mlc_is_a(cond_type, mlc::abstract::bexpr),
+		     mlc::ERROR::FIXME >,
     public internal::if_ < mlc_bool(cond_type), then_type, else_type >
   {
   };
Index: mlc/implies.hh
--- mlc/implies.hh	(revision 443)
+++ mlc/implies.hh	(working copy)
@@ -29,9 +29,11 @@
 # define METALIC_IMPLIES_HH
 
 # include <mlc/bexpr.hh>
+# include <mlc/assert.hh>
+# include <mlc/is_a.hh>
 
 
-/*! \def mlc_implies(Left_BExpr, Right_BExpr)
+/*! \def mlc_implies(L, R)
 **
 ** Macro corresponding to mlc::implies_<L, R>, for use in a template
 ** context.
@@ -39,29 +41,40 @@
 ** \see mlc::implies_<L, R>
 */
 
-# define mlc_implies(Left_BExpr, Right_BExpr) \
-   mlc::bexpr_< typename mlc::implies_<Left_BExpr, Right_BExpr>::ret >
-
-# define mlc_implies_(Left_BExpr, Right_BExpr) \
-   mlc::implies_<Left_BExpr, Right_BExpr>::ret
+# define mlc_implies(L, R)  mlc::implies_<L, R>
 
 
 namespace mlc
 {
 
+  namespace ERROR
+  {
+    struct FIRST_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_implies_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR;
+    struct SECOND_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_implies_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR;
+
+  } // end of namespace mlc::ERROR
+
+
   /*! \class mlc::implies_<L, R>
   **
   ** Logical implication "L => R" with L and R being Boolean
   ** expression types.  This class is also a Boolean expression type.
   **
   ** Sample use:
-  **   mlc::implies_< mlc_is_builtin(T), mlc_eq(T, int) >::assert();
+  **   mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc_is_builtin(T), mlc_eq(T, int) > >::check();
   ** which means "if T is a buit-in type, it has to be int".
   */
 
   template <typename L, typename R>
   struct implies_
-    : public mlc::bexpr_is_<( !mlc_bool(L) || mlc_bool(R) )>
+
+    : private assert_< mlc_is_a(L, mlc::abstract::bexpr),
+		       mlc::ERROR::FIRST_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_implies_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR >,
+
+      private assert_< mlc_is_a(R, mlc::abstract::bexpr),
+		       mlc::ERROR::SECOND_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_implies_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR >,
+
+      public mlc::bexpr_<( !mlc_bool(L) || mlc_bool(R) )>
   {};
 
 } // end of namespace mlc
Index: mlc/abort.hh
--- mlc/abort.hh	(revision 443)
+++ mlc/abort.hh	(working copy)
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
     template <typename T>
     struct always_false_
 
-      : public bexpr_is_<false>
+      : public bexpr_<false>
     {
     protected:
       always_false_() {}
Index: mlc/is_a.hh
--- mlc/is_a.hh	(revision 443)
+++ mlc/is_a.hh	(working copy)
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
 
     template<class T,    class U>
     struct ret
-      : public mlc::bexpr_is_<( mlc_internal_is_a_result_ )>
+      : public mlc::bexpr_<( mlc_internal_is_a_result_ )>
     {
     };
   };
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@
 
     template<class T,    template < class > class U>
     struct ret
-      : public mlc::bexpr_is_<( mlc_internal_is_a_result_ )>
+      : public mlc::bexpr_<( mlc_internal_is_a_result_ )>
     {
     };
   };
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@
 
     template<class T,    template < class,class > class U>
     struct ret
-      : public mlc::bexpr_is_<( mlc_internal_is_a_result_ )>
+      : public mlc::bexpr_<( mlc_internal_is_a_result_ )>
     {};
   };
 
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@
 
     template<class T,    template < template < class > class > class U>
     struct ret
-      : public mlc::bexpr_is_<( mlc_internal_is_a_result_ )>
+      : public mlc::bexpr_<( mlc_internal_is_a_result_ )>
     {};
   };
 
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@
 
     template<class T,    template < template < class,class > class > class U>
     struct ret
-      : public mlc::bexpr_is_<( mlc_internal_is_a_result_ )>
+      : public mlc::bexpr_<( mlc_internal_is_a_result_ )>
     {};
   };
 
Index: mlc/case.hh
--- mlc/case.hh	(revision 443)
+++ mlc/case.hh	(working copy)
@@ -28,7 +28,8 @@
 #ifndef METALIC_CASE_HH
 # define METALIC_CASE_HH
 
-# include <mlc/bool.hh>
+# include <mlc/bexpr.hh>
+# include <mlc/assert.hh>
 # include <mlc/ret.hh>
 # include <mlc/is_a.hh>
 # include <mlc/implies.hh>
@@ -64,13 +65,17 @@
     struct NO_case_STATEMENT_CAN_BE_SELECTED;
     struct A_default_case_STATEMENT_IN_A_switch_SHOULD_HAVE_A_ret;
     struct A_case_STATEMENT_IN_A_switch_SHOULD_HAVE_A_ret;
+    struct PARAMETER_OF_mlc_where_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR;
   }
 
 
   template <typename bexpr>
-  struct where_ : public mlc_if_( typename bexpr::eval,
-				  case_selected,
-				  case_not_selected )
+  struct where_ :
+
+    private assert_< mlc_is_a(bexpr, mlc::abstract::bexpr),
+		     mlc::ERROR::PARAMETER_OF_mlc_where_SHOULD_BE_A_BEXPR >,
+
+    public mlc_if_( bexpr, case_selected, case_not_selected )
   {
   };
   
Index: mlc/cmp.hh
--- mlc/cmp.hh	(revision 443)
+++ mlc/cmp.hh	(working copy)
@@ -60,13 +60,13 @@
   template <typename T1, typename T2>
   struct eq_ : private multiple_assert_< is_not_value<T1>,
 					 is_not_value<T2> >,
-	       public bexpr_is_<false>
+	       public bexpr_<false>
   {
   };
 
   template <typename T>
   struct eq_ <T, T> : private assert_< is_not_value<T> >,
-		      public bexpr_is_<true>
+		      public bexpr_<true>
   {
   };
   /// \}
@@ -76,13 +76,13 @@
   template <typename T1, typename T2>
   struct neq_ : private multiple_assert_< is_not_value<T1>,
 					  is_not_value<T2> >,
-		public bexpr_is_<true>
+		public bexpr_<true>
   {
   };
 
   template <typename T>
   struct neq_ <T, T> : private assert_< is_not_value<T> >,
-		       public bexpr_is_<false>
+		       public bexpr_<false>
   {
   };
   /// \}
Index: mlc/bexpr.hh
--- mlc/bexpr.hh	(revision 443)
+++ mlc/bexpr.hh	(working copy)
@@ -54,9 +54,9 @@
     **
     ** When you define a new class for a Boolean expression type, you
     ** should not directly derive from this class from fom its
-    ** subclass: bexpr_is_<b>.
+    ** subclass: bexpr_<b>.
     **
-    ** \see bexpr_is_<b>
+    ** \see bexpr_<b>
     */
 
     struct bexpr : public type
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@
 
 
 
-  /*! \class mlc::bexpr_is_<b>
+  /*! \class mlc::bexpr_<b>
   **
   ** Base class for any class of mlc Boolean expression types.
   ** When you define a new class for a Boolean expression type, you
@@ -77,50 +77,57 @@
   ** This class provides the typedef 'eval' which evaluates to either
   ** mlc::true_ or mlc::false_ the expression.
   **
-  ** \see mlc::bexpr_is_<true>, mlc::bexpr_is_<false>
+  ** \see mlc::bexpr_<true>, mlc::bexpr_<false>
   */
 
-  template <bool b> struct bexpr_is_;
+  template <bool b> struct bexpr_;
 
 
-  /*! \class mlc::bexpr_is_<true>
+  /*! \class mlc::bexpr_<true>
   **
-  ** Specialization of mlc::bexpr_is_<b> when b is 'true'.  This class
+  ** Specialization of mlc::bexpr_<b> when b is 'true'.  This class
   ** provides the typedef member 'is_true' to every Boolean expression
   ** type that evaluates to true_.
   ** 
-  ** \see mlc::bexpr_is_<b>, mlc::bexpr_is_<false>
+  ** \see mlc::bexpr_<b>, mlc::bexpr_<false>
   */
 
   template <>
-  struct bexpr_is_ < true > : public abstract::bexpr
+  struct bexpr_ < true > : public abstract::bexpr
   {
+    // FIXME: doc
     typedef mlc::true_ eval;
 
     /*! \typedef is_true
     **
     ** This member is inherited in every Boolean expression type that
     ** evaluates to true_.  Conversely, such member does not appear in
-    ** bexpr_is_<false> so it does not exist in every Boolean
+    ** bexpr_<false> so it does not exist in every Boolean
     ** expression type that evaluates to false_.
     */
     typedef mlc::dummy is_true;
+
+    // FIXME: doc
+    typedef bexpr_<true> bexpr;
   };
 
 
-  /*! \class mlc::bexpr_is_<false>
+
+  /*! \class mlc::bexpr_<false>
   **
-  ** Specialization of mlc::bexpr_is_<b> when b is 'false'.  This class
+  ** Specialization of mlc::bexpr_<b> when b is 'false'.  This class
   ** does not provide the typedef member 'is_true' to every Boolean expression
   ** type that evaluates to false_.
   ** 
-  ** \see mlc::bexpr_is_<b>, mlc::bexpr_is_<true>
+  ** \see mlc::bexpr_<b>, mlc::bexpr_<true>
   */
 
   template <>
-  struct bexpr_is_ < false > : public abstract::bexpr
+  struct bexpr_ < false > : public abstract::bexpr
   {
     typedef mlc::false_ eval;
+
+    typedef bexpr_<false> bexpr;
   };
 
 
@@ -129,31 +136,19 @@
   namespace internal
   {
 
-    /// \class mlc::internal::bool_of_<bexpr>
+    /// \class mlc::internal::bool_<bexpr>
     /// \brief Returns the bool value corresponding to a Boolean expression type.
     /// \note Internal class, don't use it directly.
 
     template <typename bexpr>
-    struct bool_of_
+    struct bool_of_bexpr_
     // FIXME: commented below to avoid circular dependances
     // : private assert_< mlc_is_a(bexpr, mlc::abstract::bexpr) >
     {
-      // 1) the bexpr evaluates to either mlc::true_ or mlc::false_
-      //    so the expected result comes from the value of b in
-      //    mlc::bool_<b>
-      // 2) retrieving b is performed by the specialization of
-      //    internal::bool_of_ provided few lines below
-      static const bool ret = internal::bool_of_<typename bexpr::eval>::ret;
-    };
-
-    /// \class mlc::internal::bool_of_< mlc::bool_<b> >
-    /// \brief Specialization of mlc::internal::bool_of_<bexpr>
-    /// \note Internal class, don't use it directly.
-    /// \see mlc::internal::bool_of_<bexpr>
-    template <bool b>
-    struct bool_of_ < mlc::bool_<b> >
-    {
-      static const bool ret = b;
+      // 1) evaluate the bexpr to get either mlc::true_ or mlc::false_
+      typedef typename bexpr::eval eval;
+      // 2) retrieve the Boolean value
+      static const bool ret = eval::value;
     };
 
   } // end of namespace mlc::internal
@@ -169,10 +164,10 @@
  ** Returns the bool value corresponding to a Boolean expression type.
  **
  ** \note Value retrieval is performed by
- ** mlc::internal::bool_of_<Bexpr>
+ ** mlc::internal::bool_of_bexpr_<Bexpr>
  */
 
-# define mlc_bool(Bexpr) mlc::internal::bool_of_<Bexpr>::ret
+# define mlc_bool(Bexpr) mlc::internal::bool_of_bexpr_<Bexpr>::ret
 
 
 
                    
                  
                  
                          
                            
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                    25 Mar '06
                    
                        
https://svn.lrde.epita.fr/svn/oln/trunk/extended
Index: ChangeLog
from  Thierry Geraud  <theo(a)lrde.epita.fr>
	Add a lot of material for operators (arith, logical, cmp).
	* xtd/cast.hh: Fix doc.
	* xtd/cfun.hh: New file dedicated to C functions.
	* xtd/traits.hh: Add a lot of material.
	* xtd/math/arith.hh: Update.
	* xtd/ops_expr.hh: Update.
	* xtd/builtin/traits.hh: Update.
	* xtd/literal.hh: Add static assertions.
	* xtd/abstract/fun_expr.hh (nargs): Move to...
	* xtd/abstract/nary_fun.hh: ...this file.
	(n): New method.
	* tests/cfun.cc: New file.
	* tests/Makefile.am: Update.
 tests/Makefile.am        |    2 
 tests/cfun.cc            |   35 ++++
 xtd/abstract/fun_expr.hh |    5 
 xtd/abstract/nary_fun.hh |    8 
 xtd/builtin/traits.hh    |  114 ++++++++-----
 xtd/cast.hh              |    2 
 xtd/cfun.hh              |  398 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 xtd/literal.hh           |   14 +
 xtd/math/arith.hh        |  130 +++++++++------
 xtd/ops_expr.hh          |  107 ++++++++----
 xtd/traits.hh            |  115 +++++++++++++
 11 files changed, 803 insertions(+), 127 deletions(-)
Index: xtd/cast.hh
--- xtd/cast.hh	(revision 442)
+++ xtd/cast.hh	(working copy)
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
   **
   ** This function mimics the behavior of the method:
   **
-  **    xtd::meta_nary_fun_<1, E>::operator(const A& a)
+  **    xtd::open_nary_fun_<1, E>::operator(const A& a)
   **
   ** The method is thus turned into a function where E, the
   ** unary meta function actually is meta_cast_<Dest>.
Index: xtd/cfun.hh
--- xtd/cfun.hh	(revision 0)
+++ xtd/cfun.hh	(revision 0)
@@ -0,0 +1,398 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2002, 2005, 2006  EPITA Research and Development Laboratory
+//
+// This file is part of the Olena Library.  This library is free
+// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
+// of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by the
+// Free Software Foundation.
+//
+// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+// General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with this library; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to
+// the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston,
+// MA 02111-1307, USA.
+//
+// As a special exception, you may use this file as part of a free
+// software library without restriction.  Specifically, if other files
+// instantiate templates or use macros or inline functions from this
+// file, or you compile this file and link it with other files to
+// produce an executable, this file does not by itself cause the
+// resulting executable to be covered by the GNU General Public
+// License.  This exception does not however invalidate any other
+// reasons why the executable file might be covered by the GNU General
+// Public License.
+
+#ifndef EXTENDED_CFUN_HH
+# define EXTENDED_CFUN_HH
+
+# include <xtd/abstract/plain_nary_fun.hh>
+# include <xtd/abstract/meta_nary_fun.hh>
+
+
+
+
+namespace xtd
+{
+
+
+  template <typename F> struct plain_cfun_; // fwd decl
+
+
+  template <typename R>
+  struct fun_traits_< R(*)() >
+  {
+    typedef R res_type;
+  };
+
+  template <typename R, typename A>
+  struct fun_traits_< R(*)(A) >
+  {
+    typedef R res_type;
+    typedef A arg_type;
+  };
+
+  template <typename R, typename A1, typename A2>
+  struct fun_traits_< R(*)(A1, A2) >
+  {
+    typedef R res_type;
+    typedef A1 arg1_type;
+    typedef A2 arg2_type;
+  };
+
+  template <typename R, typename A1, typename A2, typename A3>
+  struct fun_traits_< R(*)(A1, A2, A3) >
+  {
+    typedef R res_type;
+    typedef A1 arg1_type;
+    typedef A2 arg2_type;
+    typedef A3 arg3_type;
+  };
+
+
+  template <typename F>
+  struct fun_traits_< plain_cfun_<F> > : fun_traits_<F>
+  {
+  };
+
+
+  
+  /*! \class xtd::plain_cfun_< R(*)() >
+  **
+  ** FIXME: doc
+  */
+
+  template <typename R>
+  struct plain_cfun_ < R(*)() >
+
+    : public abstract::plain_nary_fun_< 0, plain_cfun_<R(*)()> >
+  {
+    typedef R(*cfun_type)();
+    const cfun_type f;
+
+    plain_cfun_(const cfun_type& f)
+      : f(f)
+    {} 
+
+    R impl_op() const
+    {
+      return this->f();
+    }
+  };
+
+
+  template <typename R>
+  plain_cfun_<R(*)()> mk_plain_fun( R(*f)() )
+  {
+    plain_cfun_<R(*)()> tmp(f);
+    return tmp;
+  }
+
+
+  
+  /*! \class xtd::plain_cfun_< R(*)(A) >
+  **
+  ** FIXME: doc
+  */
+
+  template <typename R, typename A>
+  struct plain_cfun_ < R(*)(A) >
+
+    : public abstract::plain_nary_fun_< 1, plain_cfun_<R(*)(A)> >
+  {
+    typedef R(*cfun_type)(A);
+    const cfun_type f;
+
+    plain_cfun_(const cfun_type& f)
+      : f(f)
+    {} 
+
+    R impl_op(const A& a) const
+    {
+      return this->f(a);
+    }
+  };
+
+
+  template <typename R, typename A>
+  plain_cfun_<R(*)(A)> mk_plain_fun( R(*f)(A) )
+  {
+    plain_cfun_<R(*)(A)> tmp(f);
+    return tmp;
+  }
+
+
+
+  
+  /*! \class xtd::plain_cfun_< R(*)(A1,A2) >
+  **
+  ** FIXME: doc
+  */
+
+  template <typename R, typename A1, typename A2>
+  struct plain_cfun_ < R(*)(A1,A2) >
+
+    : public abstract::plain_nary_fun_< 2, plain_cfun_<R(*)(A1,A2)> >
+  {
+    typedef R(*cfun_type)(A1,A2);
+    const cfun_type f;
+
+    plain_cfun_(const cfun_type& f)
+      : f(f)
+    {} 
+
+    R impl_op(const A1& a1, const A2& a2) const
+    {
+      return this->f(a1, a2);
+    }
+  };
+
+
+  template <typename R, typename A1, typename A2>
+  plain_cfun_<R(*)(A1,A2)> mk_plain_fun( R(*f)(A1,A2) )
+  {
+    plain_cfun_<R(*)(A1,A2)> tmp(f);
+    return tmp;
+  }
+
+
+  
+  /*! \class xtd::plain_cfun_< R(*)(A1,A2,A3) >
+  **
+  ** FIXME: doc
+  */
+
+  template <typename R, typename A1, typename A2, typename A3>
+  struct plain_cfun_ < R(*)(A1,A2,A3) >
+
+    : public abstract::plain_nary_fun_< 3, plain_cfun_<R(*)(A1,A2,A3)> >
+  {
+    typedef R(*cfun_type)(A1,A2,A3);
+    const cfun_type f;
+
+    plain_cfun_(const cfun_type& f)
+      : f(f)
+    {} 
+
+    R impl_op(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3) const
+    {
+      return this->f(a1, a2, a3);
+    }
+  };
+
+
+  template <typename R, typename A1, typename A2, typename A3>
+  plain_cfun_<R(*)(A1,A2,A3)> mk_plain_fun( R(*f)(A1,A2,A3) )
+  {
+    plain_cfun_<R(*)(A1,A2,A3)> tmp(f);
+    return tmp;
+  }
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  /*! \class xtd::meta_cfun_<F>
+  **
+  ** FIXME: doc
+  */
+
+  template <typename F>
+  struct meta_cfun_;
+
+
+
+  /*! \class xtd::meta_cfun_< R_(*)() >
+  **
+  ** FIXME: doc
+  */
+
+  template <typename R_>
+  struct res_< meta_cfun_<R_(*)()> >
+  {
+    typedef R_ ret;
+  };
+
+  template <typename R_>
+  struct meta_cfun_ < R_(*)() >
+
+    : public abstract::meta_nary_fun_< 0, meta_cfun_<R_(*)()> >
+  {
+    typedef R_(*cfun_type)();
+    const cfun_type f;
+
+    meta_cfun_(const cfun_type& f)
+      : f(f)
+    {} 
+
+    R_ impl_calc() const
+    {
+      return this->f;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template <typename R>
+  meta_cfun_<R(*)()> mk_fun( R(*f)() )
+  {
+    meta_cfun_<R(*)()> tmp(f);
+    return tmp;
+  }
+
+
+
+  /*! \class xtd::meta_cfun_< R_(*)(A_) >
+  **
+  ** FIXME: doc
+  */
+
+  template <typename R_, typename A_,
+	    typename A>
+  struct res_< meta_cfun_<R_(*)(A_)>,
+	       A >
+  {
+    typedef R_ ret;
+  };
+
+  template <typename R_, typename A_>
+  struct meta_cfun_ < R_(*)(A_) >
+
+    : public abstract::meta_nary_fun_< 1, meta_cfun_<R_(*)(A_)> >
+  {
+    typedef R_(*cfun_type)(A_);
+    const cfun_type f;
+
+    meta_cfun_(const cfun_type& f)
+      : f(f)
+    {} 
+
+    template <typename A>
+    R_ impl_calc(const A& a) const
+    {
+      // FIXME: check that conversion "A -> A_" exists
+      return this->f(a);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template <typename R, typename A>
+  meta_cfun_<R(*)(A)> mk_fun( R(*f)(A) )
+  {
+    meta_cfun_<R(*)(A)> tmp(f);
+    return tmp;
+  }
+
+
+
+  /*! \class xtd::meta_cfun_< R_(*)(A1_,A2_) >
+  **
+  ** FIXME: doc
+  */
+
+  template <typename R_, typename A1_, typename A2_,
+	    typename A1, typename A2>
+  struct res_< meta_cfun_<R_(*)(A1_,A2_)>,
+	       A1, A2 >
+  {
+    typedef R_ ret;
+  };
+
+  template <typename R_, typename A1_, typename A2_>
+  struct meta_cfun_ < R_(*)(A1_,A2_) >
+
+    : public abstract::meta_nary_fun_< 2, meta_cfun_<R_(*)(A1_,A2_)> >
+  {
+    typedef R_(*cfun_type)(A1_,A2_);
+    const cfun_type f;
+
+    meta_cfun_(const cfun_type& f)
+      : f(f)
+    {} 
+
+    template <typename A1, typename A2>
+    R_ impl_calc(const A1& a1, const A2& a2) const
+    {
+      // FIXME: check that conversions "Ai -> Ai_" exist
+      return this->f(a1, a2);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template <typename R, typename A1, typename A2>
+  meta_cfun_<R(*)(A1,A2)> mk_fun( R(*f)(A1,A2) )
+  {
+    meta_cfun_<R(*)(A1,A2)> tmp(f);
+    return tmp;
+  }
+
+
+
+  /*! \class xtd::meta_cfun_< R_(*)(A1_,A2_,A3_) >
+  **
+  ** FIXME: doc
+  */
+
+  template <typename R_, typename A1_, typename A2_, typename A3_,
+	    typename A1, typename A2, typename A3>
+  struct res_< meta_cfun_<R_(*)(A1_,A2_,A3_)>,
+	       A1, A2, A3 >
+  {
+    typedef R_ ret;
+  };
+
+  template <typename R_, typename A1_, typename A2_, typename A3_>
+  struct meta_cfun_ < R_(*)(A1_,A2_,A3_) >
+
+    : public abstract::meta_nary_fun_< 3, meta_cfun_<R_(*)(A1_,A2_,A3_)> >
+  {
+    typedef R_(*cfun_type)(A1_,A2_,A3_);
+    const cfun_type f;
+
+    meta_cfun_(const cfun_type& f)
+      : f(f)
+    {} 
+
+    template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3>
+    R_ impl_calc(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3) const
+    {
+      // FIXME: check that conversions "Ai -> Ai_" exist
+      return this->f(a1, a2, a3);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template <typename R, typename A1, typename A2, typename A3>
+  meta_cfun_<R(*)(A1,A2,A3)> mk_fun( R(*f)(A1,A2,A3) )
+  {
+    meta_cfun_<R(*)(A1,A2,A3)> tmp(f);
+    return tmp;
+  }
+
+
+
+} // end of namespace xtd
+
+
+
+#endif // ! EXTENDED_CFUN_HH
Index: xtd/math/arith.hh
--- xtd/math/arith.hh	(revision 442)
+++ xtd/math/arith.hh	(working copy)
@@ -33,68 +33,104 @@
 # include <xtd/mfun.hh>
 
 
+// FIXME: doc
 
-namespace xtd
-{
+# define xtd_internal_decl_plain_unary_fun_op(OperatorName,  OperatorSymbol)	\
+										\
+  template <typename T>								\
+  struct plain_##OperatorName##_;						\
+										\
+  template <typename T>								\
+  struct fun_traits_< plain_##OperatorName##_<T> >				\
+  {										\
+    typedef T arg_type;								\
+    typedef xtd_##OperatorName(T) res_type;					\
+  };										\
+										\
+  template <typename T>								\
+  struct plain_##OperatorName##_						\
+										\
+    : public abstract::plain_nary_fun_< 1, plain_##OperatorName##_<T> >		\
+  {										\
+    typedef plain_##OperatorName##_<T> self;					\
+    xtd_res(self) impl_op(const T& arg) const					\
+    {										\
+      return OperatorSymbol arg;						\
+    }										\
+  };										\
+										\
+  typedef m1fun_<plain_##OperatorName##_> OperatorName##_type;			\
+  const OperatorName##_type OperatorName;					\
+										\
+  struct e_n_d__w_i_t_h__s_e_m_i_c_o_l_o_n
 
 
-  /*! \class xtd::plain_plus_<T>
-  **
-  ** FIXME: doc
-  */
 
-  template <typename T1, typename T2> struct plain_plus_; // fwd decl
 
-  template <typename T1, typename T2>
-  struct fun_traits_< plain_plus_<T1, T2> >
-  {
-    typedef T1 arg1_type;
-    typedef T2 arg2_type;
-    typedef xtd_plus(T1, T2) res_type;
-  };
+# define xtd_internal_decl_plain_binary_fun_op(OperatorName,  OperatorSymbol)	\
+										\
+  template <typename T1, typename T2>						\
+  struct plain_##OperatorName##_;						\
+										\
+  template <typename T1, typename T2>						\
+  struct fun_traits_< plain_##OperatorName##_<T1, T2> >				\
+  {										\
+    typedef T1 arg1_type;							\
+    typedef T2 arg2_type;							\
+    typedef xtd_##OperatorName(T1, T2) res_type;				\
+  };										\
+  										\
+  template <typename T1, typename T2>						\
+  struct plain_##OperatorName##_						\
+										\
+    : public abstract::plain_nary_fun_< 2, plain_##OperatorName##_<T1, T2> >	\
+  {										\
+    typedef plain_##OperatorName##_<T1, T2> self;				\
+    xtd_res(self) impl_op(const T1& arg1, const T2& arg2) const			\
+    {										\
+      return arg1 OperatorSymbol arg2;						\
+    }										\
+  };										\
+										\
+  typedef m2fun_<plain_##OperatorName##_> OperatorName##_type;			\
+  const OperatorName##_type OperatorName;					\
+										\
+  struct e_n_d__w_i_t_h__s_e_m_i_c_o_l_o_n
   
-  template <typename T1, typename T2>
-  struct plain_plus_ : public abstract::plain_nary_fun_< 2, plain_plus_<T1, T2> >
-  {
-    typedef plain_plus_<T1, T2> self;
-    xtd_res(self) impl_op(const T1& arg1, const T2& arg2) const
+
+
+
+namespace xtd
     {
-      return arg1 + arg2;
-    }
-  };
 
-  typedef m2fun_<plain_plus_> plus_type;
-  const plus_type plus;
+  // logic
 
+  xtd_internal_decl_plain_binary_fun_op( land, and );
+  xtd_internal_decl_plain_binary_fun_op( lor,  or );
+  xtd_internal_decl_plain_binary_fun_op( lxor, xor );
 
+  xtd_internal_decl_plain_unary_fun_op( lnot, not );
 
-  /*! \class xtd::plain_mult_<T>
-  **
-  ** FIXME: doc
-  */
 
-  template <typename T1, typename T2> struct plain_mult_; // fwd decl
+  // cmp
 
-  template <typename T1, typename T2>
-  struct fun_traits_< plain_mult_<T1, T2> >
-  {
-    typedef T1 arg1_type;
-    typedef T2 arg2_type;
-    typedef xtd_mult(T1, T2) res_type;
-  };
+  xtd_internal_decl_plain_binary_fun_op( eq,      == );
+  xtd_internal_decl_plain_binary_fun_op( neq,     != );
+  xtd_internal_decl_plain_binary_fun_op( less,    <  );
+  xtd_internal_decl_plain_binary_fun_op( leq,     <= );
+  xtd_internal_decl_plain_binary_fun_op( greater, >  );
+  xtd_internal_decl_plain_binary_fun_op( geq,     >= );
   
-  template <typename T1, typename T2>
-  struct plain_mult_ : public abstract::plain_nary_fun_< 2, plain_mult_<T1, T2> >
-  {
-    typedef plain_mult_<T1, T2> self;
-    xtd_res(self) impl_op(const T1& arg1, const T2& arg2) const
-    {
-      return arg1 * arg2;
-    }
-  };
 
-  typedef m2fun_<plain_mult_> mult_type;
-  const mult_type mult;
+  // arith
+
+  xtd_internal_decl_plain_binary_fun_op( plus,  + );
+  xtd_internal_decl_plain_binary_fun_op( minus, - );
+  xtd_internal_decl_plain_binary_fun_op( mult,  * );
+  xtd_internal_decl_plain_binary_fun_op( div,   / );
+  xtd_internal_decl_plain_binary_fun_op( mod,   % );
+
+  xtd_internal_decl_plain_unary_fun_op( uminus, - );
 
 
 } // end of namespace xtd
Index: xtd/literal.hh
--- xtd/literal.hh	(revision 442)
+++ xtd/literal.hh	(working copy)
@@ -59,7 +59,12 @@
   };
   
   template <typename T>
-  struct plain_literal_ : public abstract::plain_nary_fun_< 0, plain_literal_<T> >
+  struct plain_literal_
+
+    : private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(T, abstract::fun_),
+			    xtd::ERROR::FIXME >,
+
+      public abstract::plain_nary_fun_< 0, plain_literal_<T> >
   {
     const T value;
 
@@ -92,7 +97,12 @@
   */
 
   template <typename T>
-  struct meta_literal_ : public abstract::meta_nary_fun_< 0, meta_literal_<T> >
+  struct meta_literal_
+
+    : private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(T, abstract::fun_),
+			    xtd::ERROR::FIXME >,
+
+      public abstract::meta_nary_fun_< 0, meta_literal_<T> >
   {
     const T value;
 
Index: xtd/ops_expr.hh
--- xtd/ops_expr.hh	(revision 442)
+++ xtd/ops_expr.hh	(working copy)
@@ -33,48 +33,93 @@
 # include <xtd/math/arith.hh>
 
 
-namespace xtd
-{
 
-//   namespace abstract
+
+// FIXME: doc
+
+
+
+# define xtd_internal_decl_unary_operator(OperatorName, OperatorSymbol)	\
+									\
+  template <typename Expr>						\
+  xtd::m1expr_<xtd::OperatorName##_type, Expr>				\
+  operator OperatorSymbol (const xtd::abstract::fun_expr_<Expr>& expr)	\
+  {									\
+    xtd::m1expr_<xtd::OperatorName##_type, Expr> tmp(expr);		\
+    return tmp;								\
+  }									\
+									\
+  struct e_n_d__w_i_t_h__s_e_m_i_c_o_l_o_n
+
+
+// FIXME: add something like:
+
+//   template <typename Expr>
+//   struct OperatorName##_trait_ < Expr >
 //   {
+//     typedef xtd::m1expr_<xtd::OperatorName##_type, Expr> ret;
+//   };
 
 
-  // +
 
-    template <typename L, typename R>
-    xtd::m2expr_<xtd::plus_type, L, R>
-    operator + (const xtd::abstract::fun_expr_<L>& lexpr,
-		const xtd::abstract::fun_expr_<R>& rexpr)
-    {
-      xtd::m2expr_<xtd::plus_type, L, R> tmp(lexpr, rexpr);
-      return tmp;
-    }
-
-  // HERE
-
-//     template <typename R>
-//     xtd::m2expr_<xtd::plus_type, m0expr<literal_<int> >, R>
-//     operator + (int i,
-// 		const xtd::abstract::fun_expr_<R>& rexpr)
+
+# define xtd_internal_decl_binary_operator(OperatorName, OperatorSymbol)	\
+										\
+  template <typename Lexpr, typename Rexpr>					\
+  xtd::m2expr_<xtd::OperatorName##_type, Lexpr, Rexpr>				\
+  operator OperatorSymbol (const xtd::abstract::fun_expr_<Lexpr>& lexpr,	\
+			   const xtd::abstract::fun_expr_<Rexpr>& rexpr)	\
+  {										\
+    xtd::m2expr_<xtd::OperatorName##_type, Lexpr, Rexpr> tmp(lexpr, rexpr);	\
+    return tmp;									\
+  }										\
+										\
+  struct e_n_d__w_i_t_h__s_e_m_i_c_o_l_o_n
+
+
+// FIXME: add something like:
+
+//   template <typename Lexpr, typename Rexpr>
+//   struct OperatorName##_trait_ < Lexpr, Rexpr >
 //     {
-//       xtd::m2expr<xtd::plus_type, L, R> tmp;
-//       return tmp;
-//     }
+//     typedef xtd::m2expr_<xtd::OperatorName##_type, Lexpr, Rexpr> ret;
+//   };
+
 
 
-  // *
 
-    template <typename L, typename R>
-    xtd::m2expr_<xtd::mult_type, L, R>
-    operator * (const xtd::abstract::fun_expr_<L>& lexpr,
-		const xtd::abstract::fun_expr_<R>& rexpr)
+
+namespace xtd
     {
-      xtd::m2expr_<xtd::mult_type, L, R> tmp(lexpr, rexpr);
-      return tmp;
-    }
 
-//   } // end of namespace xtd::abstract
+  // logic
+
+  xtd_internal_decl_binary_operator( land, and );
+  xtd_internal_decl_binary_operator( lor,  or );
+  xtd_internal_decl_binary_operator( lxor, xor );
+
+  xtd_internal_decl_unary_operator( lnot, not );
+
+
+  // cmp
+
+  xtd_internal_decl_binary_operator( eq,      == );
+  xtd_internal_decl_binary_operator( neq,     != );
+  xtd_internal_decl_binary_operator( less,    <  );
+  xtd_internal_decl_binary_operator( leq,     <= );
+  xtd_internal_decl_binary_operator( greater, >  );
+  xtd_internal_decl_binary_operator( geq,     >= );
+
+
+  // arith
+
+  xtd_internal_decl_binary_operator( plus,  + );
+  xtd_internal_decl_binary_operator( minus, - );
+  xtd_internal_decl_binary_operator( mult,  * );
+  xtd_internal_decl_binary_operator( div,   / );
+  xtd_internal_decl_binary_operator( mod,   % );
+
+  xtd_internal_decl_unary_operator( uminus, - );
 
 } // end of namespace xtd
 
Index: xtd/abstract/nary_fun.hh
--- xtd/abstract/nary_fun.hh	(revision 442)
+++ xtd/abstract/nary_fun.hh	(working copy)
@@ -37,9 +37,15 @@
 
     // FIXME: doc!
 
-    template <unsigned n>
+    template <unsigned n_>
     class nary_fun_
     {
+    public:
+
+      enum { nargs = n_ };
+
+      unsigned n() const { return n_; }
+
     protected:
       nary_fun_()
       {}
Index: xtd/abstract/fun_expr.hh
--- xtd/abstract/fun_expr.hh	(revision 442)
+++ xtd/abstract/fun_expr.hh	(working copy)
@@ -74,11 +74,6 @@
 	return this->exact().impl_eval(arglist);
       }
 
-      unsigned nargs() const
-      {
-	return xtd_nargs(E);
-      }
-
     protected:
       fun_expr_() {}
     };
Index: xtd/traits.hh
--- xtd/traits.hh	(revision 442)
+++ xtd/traits.hh	(working copy)
@@ -31,23 +31,136 @@
 # include <mlc/flags.hh>
 
 
+
+// logic
+
+# define xtd_land(L, R)  typename xtd::land_trait_<L, R>::ret 
+# define xtd_lor(L, R)   typename xtd::lor_trait_<L, R>::ret 
+# define xtd_lxor(L, R)  typename xtd::lxor_trait_<L, R>::ret 
+
+# define xtd_lnot(T)     typename xtd::lnot_trait_<T>::ret 
+
+
+// cmp
+
+# define xtd_eq(L, R)      typename xtd::eq_trait_<L, R>::ret 
+# define xtd_neq(L, R)     typename xtd::neq_trait_<L, R>::ret 
+# define xtd_less(L, R)    typename xtd::less_trait_<L, R>::ret 
+# define xtd_leq(L, R)     typename xtd::leq_trait_<L, R>::ret 
+# define xtd_greater(L, R) typename xtd::greater_trait_<L, R>::ret 
+# define xtd_geq(L, R)     typename xtd::geq_trait_<L, R>::ret 
+
+
+// arith
+
 # define xtd_plus(L, R) typename xtd::plus_trait_< L, R >::ret 
+# define xtd_minus(L, R) typename xtd::minus_trait_<L, R>::ret 
 # define xtd_mult(L, R) typename xtd::mult_trait_< L, R >::ret 
+# define xtd_div(L, R)   typename xtd::div_trait_<L, R>::ret 
+# define xtd_mod(L, R)   typename xtd::mod_trait_<L, R>::ret 
+
+# define xtd_uminus(T)   typename xtd::uminus_trait_<T>::ret 
+
+
+
+// FIXME: xtd_plus(L, R) should be xtd::INTERNAL::plus_trait_< L, R >::ret
+// FIXME: which checks that the trait *is* defined
+
 
 
 namespace xtd
 {
 
+  // logic
+
+  template <typename L, typename R>
+  struct land_trait_ : public mlc::undefined
+  {
+  };
+
+  template <typename L, typename R>
+  struct lor_trait_ : public mlc::undefined
+  {
+  };
+
+  template <typename L, typename R>
+  struct lxor_trait_ : public mlc::undefined
+  {
+  };
+
+  template <typename T>
+  struct lnot_trait_ : public mlc::undefined
+  {
+  };
+
+
+  // cmp
+
+  template <typename L, typename R>
+  struct eq_trait_ : public mlc::undefined
+  {
+  };
+
+  template <typename L, typename R>
+  struct neq_trait_ : public mlc::undefined
+  {
+  };
+
+  template <typename L, typename R>
+  struct less_trait_ : public mlc::undefined
+  {
+  };
+
+  template <typename L, typename R>
+  struct leq_trait_ : public mlc::undefined
+  {
+  };
+
+  template <typename L, typename R>
+  struct greater_trait_ : public mlc::undefined
+  {
+  };
+
+  template <typename L, typename R>
+  struct geq_trait_ : public mlc::undefined
+  {
+  };
+
+
+  // arith
+
   template <typename L, typename R>
   struct plus_trait_ : public mlc::undefined
   {
   };
 
   template <typename L, typename R>
-  struct mult_trait_ : public mlc::undefined
+  struct minus_trait_ : public mlc::undefined
+  {
+  };
+
+  template <typename L, typename R>
+  struct mult_trait_ : public mlc::undefined // FIXME: or "times"?
+  {
+  };
+
+  template <typename L, typename R>
+  struct div_trait_ : public mlc::undefined
   {
   };
 
+  template <typename L, typename R>
+  struct mod_trait_ : public mlc::undefined
+  {
+  };
+
+  template <typename T>
+  struct uminus_trait_ : public mlc::undefined
+  {
+  };
+
+
+
 } // end of namespace xtd
 
 
Index: xtd/builtin/traits.hh
--- xtd/builtin/traits.hh	(revision 442)
+++ xtd/builtin/traits.hh	(working copy)
@@ -31,56 +31,92 @@
 # include <xtd/traits.hh>
 
 
-namespace xtd
-{
 
   // FIXME: this is dummy and incomplete code!
 
 
-  // plus
+# define xtd_internal_DUMMY_builtin_arith_traits(OperatorName)						\
+													\
+  template <typename T>											\
+  struct OperatorName##_trait_ < T, T >									\
+  {													\
+    typedef T ret;											\
+  };													\
+													\
+  template <> struct OperatorName##_trait_ < float, int > { typedef float ret; };			\
+  template <> struct OperatorName##_trait_ < int, float > { typedef float ret; };			\
+  template <> struct OperatorName##_trait_ < double, int > { typedef double ret; };			\
+  template <> struct OperatorName##_trait_ < int, double > { typedef double ret; };			\
+  template <> struct OperatorName##_trait_ < double, float > { typedef double ret; };			\
+  template <> struct OperatorName##_trait_ < float, double > { typedef double ret; };			\
+													\
+  template <> struct OperatorName##_trait_ < long double, int > { typedef long double ret; };		\
+  template <> struct OperatorName##_trait_ < int, long double > { typedef long double ret; };		\
+  template <> struct OperatorName##_trait_ < long double, float > { typedef long double ret; };		\
+  template <> struct OperatorName##_trait_ < float, long double > { typedef long double ret; };		\
+  template <> struct OperatorName##_trait_ < long double, double > { typedef long double ret; };	\
+  template <> struct OperatorName##_trait_ < double, long double > { typedef long double ret; };	\
+													\
+  struct e_n_d__w_i_t_h__s_e_m_i_c_o_l_o_n
+
+
+# define xtd_internal_DUMMY_builtin_logic_traits(OperatorName)	\
+								\
+  template <>							\
+  struct OperatorName##_trait_ < bool, bool >			\
+  {								\
+    typedef bool ret;						\
+  };								\
+								\
+  struct e_n_d__w_i_t_h__s_e_m_i_c_o_l_o_n
+
+
+# define xtd_internal_DUMMY_builtin_cmp_traits(OperatorName)	\
+								\
+  template <typename T>						\
+  struct OperatorName##_trait_ < T, T >				\
+  {								\
+    typedef bool ret;						\
+  };								\
+								\
+  struct e_n_d__w_i_t_h__s_e_m_i_c_o_l_o_n
+
 
-  template <typename T>
-  struct plus_trait_ < T, T >
+  
+
+namespace xtd
   {
-    typedef T ret;
-  };
 
-  template <> struct plus_trait_ < float, int > { typedef float ret; };
-  template <> struct plus_trait_ < int, float > { typedef float ret; };
-  template <> struct plus_trait_ < double, int > { typedef double ret; };
-  template <> struct plus_trait_ < int, double > { typedef double ret; };
-  template <> struct plus_trait_ < double, float > { typedef double ret; };
-  template <> struct plus_trait_ < float, double > { typedef double ret; };
-
-  template <> struct plus_trait_ < long double, int > { typedef long double ret; };
-  template <> struct plus_trait_ < int, long double > { typedef long double ret; };
-  template <> struct plus_trait_ < long double, float > { typedef long double ret; };
-  template <> struct plus_trait_ < float, long double > { typedef long double ret; };
-  template <> struct plus_trait_ < long double, double > { typedef long double ret; };
-  template <> struct plus_trait_ < double, long double > { typedef long double ret; };
+  // logic
 
+  xtd_internal_DUMMY_builtin_logic_traits( land );
+  xtd_internal_DUMMY_builtin_logic_traits( lor );
+  xtd_internal_DUMMY_builtin_logic_traits( lxor );
 
-  // mult
+  template <> struct lnot_trait_< bool > { typedef bool ret; };
 
-  template <typename T>
-  struct mult_trait_ < T, T >
-  {
-    typedef T ret;
-  };
+  // cmp
+
+  xtd_internal_DUMMY_builtin_cmp_traits( eq );
+  xtd_internal_DUMMY_builtin_cmp_traits( neq );
+  xtd_internal_DUMMY_builtin_cmp_traits( less );
+  xtd_internal_DUMMY_builtin_cmp_traits( leq );
+  xtd_internal_DUMMY_builtin_cmp_traits( greater );
+  xtd_internal_DUMMY_builtin_cmp_traits( geq );
+
+
+  // arith
+
+  xtd_internal_DUMMY_builtin_arith_traits( plus );
+  xtd_internal_DUMMY_builtin_arith_traits( minus );
+  xtd_internal_DUMMY_builtin_arith_traits( mult );
+  xtd_internal_DUMMY_builtin_arith_traits( div );
+  xtd_internal_DUMMY_builtin_arith_traits( mod );
 
-  template <> struct mult_trait_ < float, int > { typedef float ret; };
-  template <> struct mult_trait_ < int, float > { typedef float ret; };
-  template <> struct mult_trait_ < double, int > { typedef double ret; };
-  template <> struct mult_trait_ < int, double > { typedef double ret; };
-  template <> struct mult_trait_ < double, float > { typedef double ret; };
-  template <> struct mult_trait_ < float, double > { typedef double ret; };
-
-  template <> struct mult_trait_ < long double, int > { typedef long double ret; };
-  template <> struct mult_trait_ < int, long double > { typedef long double ret; };
-  template <> struct mult_trait_ < long double, float > { typedef long double ret; };
-  template <> struct mult_trait_ < float, long double > { typedef long double ret; };
-  template <> struct mult_trait_ < long double, double > { typedef long double ret; };
-  template <> struct mult_trait_ < double, long double > { typedef long double ret; };
+  template <> struct uminus_trait_< int > { typedef int ret; };
+  template <> struct uminus_trait_< float > { typedef float ret; };
+  template <> struct uminus_trait_< double > { typedef double ret; };
+  template <> struct uminus_trait_< long double > { typedef long double ret; };
 
 
 } // end of namespace xtd
Index: tests/cfun.cc
--- tests/cfun.cc	(revision 0)
+++ tests/cfun.cc	(revision 0)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+
+#include <iostream> 
+#include <xtd/cfun.hh>
+#include <xtd/arg.hh>
+
+
+namespace my
+{
+
+  float foo()
+  {
+    return 5.1f;
+  }
+
+  float bar(int i)
+  {
+    return float(i) * 3.f;
+  }
+
+}
+
+
+
+int main()
+{
+  std::cout << xtd::mk_plain_fun(my::foo)() << std::endl;
+
+  {
+    using xtd::mk_fun;
+    using xtd::_1;
+
+    std::cout << mk_fun(my::bar)(_1)(17) << std::endl;
+  }
+
+}
Index: tests/Makefile.am
--- tests/Makefile.am	(revision 442)
+++ tests/Makefile.am	(working copy)
@@ -11,12 +11,14 @@
   id						\
   bind						\
   cast						\
+  cfun						\
   cos						\
   lit
 
 id_SOURCES = id.cc
 bind_SOURCES = bind.cc
 cast_SOURCES = cast.cc
+cfun_SOURCES = cfun.cc
 cos_SOURCES = cos.cc
 lit_SOURCES = lit.cc
 
                    
                  
                  
                          
                            
                            1
                            
                          
                          
                            
                            0
                            
                          
                          
                            
    
                          
                        
                    25 Mar '06
                    
                        
https://svn.lrde.epita.fr/svn/oln/trunk/extended
Index: ChangeLog
from  Thierry Geraud  <theo(a)lrde.epita.fr>
	Separate xtd function expressions from meta functions. .
	The design has changed: now an nary_fun_expr is not a subclass of
	meta_nary_fun.  Both fun_nary_expr and meta_nary_fun inherit from
	open_nary_fun, which contains the shared part of nary_fun_expr
	and meta_nary_fun.  Precisely, it provides the operator() that accepts
	different input: values or function expressions.
	* xtd/res.hh: Update.
	* xtd/cast.hh: Update.
	* xtd/math/trigo.hh: Update.
	* xtd/math/arith.hh: Update.
	* xtd/math/id.hh: Update.
	* xtd/mexpr.hh: Update.
	* xtd/args.hh: Update.
	* xtd/literal.hh: Update.
	* xtd/ops_expr.hh: Update.
	* xtd/abstract/open_nary_fun.hh: New.
	* xtd/abstract/plain_nary_fun.hh: New.
	* xtd/abstract/fun_expr.hh: Update.
	* xtd/abstract/meta_nary_fun.hh: New.
	* xtd/abstract/fun.hh: Update.
	* xtd/abstract/open_fun.hh: New.
	* xtd/abstract/plain_fun.hh: Update.
	* xtd/abstract/meta_fun.hh: Update.
	* xtd/abstract/fun_nary_expr.hh: New.
	* xtd/mfun.hh: Update.
	* xtd/TODO: New.
	* xtd/arg.hh: Update.
	* xtd/case.hh: Remove.
	* xtd/bind.hh: New.
	* xtd/internal: New.
	* xtd/internal/mlc.hh: New.
	* tests/id.cc: Update.
	* tests/bind.cc: Update.
	* tests/lit.cc: Update.
 tests/bind.cc                  |    4 
 tests/id.cc                    |    1 
 tests/lit.cc                   |    1 
 xtd/TODO                       |    5 
 xtd/abstract/fun.hh            |   25 +--
 xtd/abstract/fun_expr.hh       |  247 -----------------------------
 xtd/abstract/fun_nary_expr.hh  |  234 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 xtd/abstract/meta_fun.hh       |  292 -----------------------------------
 xtd/abstract/meta_nary_fun.hh  |  143 +++++++++++++++++
 xtd/abstract/open_fun.hh       |   71 ++++++++
 xtd/abstract/open_nary_fun.hh  |  340 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 xtd/abstract/plain_fun.hh      |  196 -----------------------
 xtd/abstract/plain_nary_fun.hh |  266 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 xtd/arg.hh                     |    9 -
 xtd/args.hh                    |   57 ++++++
 xtd/bind.hh                    |  105 ++++++++++++
 xtd/cast.hh                    |   14 -
 xtd/internal/mlc.hh            |   54 ++++++
 xtd/literal.hh                 |   81 ---------
 xtd/math/arith.hh              |    2 
 xtd/math/id.hh                 |    2 
 xtd/math/trigo.hh              |    6 
 xtd/mexpr.hh                   |  115 ++++++-------
 xtd/mfun.hh                    |    6 
 xtd/ops_expr.hh                |    2 
 xtd/res.hh                     |   48 ++---
 26 files changed, 1381 insertions(+), 945 deletions(-)
Index: xtd/res.hh
--- xtd/res.hh	(revision 441)
+++ xtd/res.hh	(working copy)
@@ -28,19 +28,12 @@
 #ifndef EXTENDED_RES_HH
 # define EXTENDED_RES_HH
 
-# include <mlc/flags.hh>
-# include <mlc/bool.hh> // FIXME: should be assert.hh
-# include <mlc/if.hh>
-# include <mlc/is_a.hh>
-# include <mlc/comma.hh>
-# include <mlc/cmp.hh>
-# include <mlc/ret.hh>
+# include <xtd/internal/mlc.hh>
 
-# include <xtd/abstract/nary_fun.hh>
 
 
-
-// forward declarations ...............................
+/// Forward declarations.
+/// \{
 
 namespace xtd
 {
@@ -49,32 +42,27 @@
   {
 
     template <typename E>
-    class meta_fun_;
+    class open_fun_;
 
-    template <unsigned n, typename E>
-    class meta_nary_fun_;
+    template <typename E>
+    class meta_fun_;
 
     template <typename E>
     class fun_expr_;
 
-  } // end of namespace xtd::abstract
+    template <unsigned n>
+    class nary_fun_;
 
-  template <typename F,
-	    typename Expr>
-  struct m1expr;
+    class args;
 
-  template <typename F,
-	    typename Expr1, typename Expr2>
-  struct m2expr;
+  } // end of namespace xtd::abstract
 
-  template <typename F,
-	    typename Expr1, typename Expr2, typename Expr3>
-  struct m3expr;
+  template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3>
+  struct args_;
 
 } // end of namespace xtd
 
-
-// end of forward declarations ........................
+/// \}
 
 
 
@@ -160,7 +148,7 @@
     // FIXME: doc...
 
 
-    // for meta_fun that are *not* fun_expr
+    // for meta_fun
     // ------------------------------------
 
 
@@ -264,7 +252,7 @@
 
 
 
-    // for meta_fun that *are* fun_expr
+    // for fun_expr
     // ------------------------------------
 
     template <typename F,
@@ -295,7 +283,11 @@
 	      typename A1 = mlc::none,
 	      typename A2 = mlc::none,
 	      typename A3 = mlc::none>
-    struct get_res_ : public mlc::if_< mlc_is_a(F, xtd::abstract::fun_expr_),
+    struct get_res_
+
+    // FIXME: add assertion "F is an xtd::abstract::open_fun_"
+
+      : public mlc::if_< mlc_is_a(F, xtd::abstract::fun_expr_),
 				       get_expr_res_<F, xtd::args_<A1, A2, A3> >,
 				       do_get_res_<F, A1, A2, A3> >::ret
     {};
Index: xtd/cast.hh
--- xtd/cast.hh	(revision 441)
+++ xtd/cast.hh	(working copy)
@@ -28,10 +28,8 @@
 #ifndef EXTENDED_CAST_HH
 # define EXTENDED_CAST_HH
 
-# include <mlc/pair.hh>
-
-# include <xtd/abstract/plain_fun.hh>
-# include <xtd/abstract/meta_fun.hh>
+# include <xtd/abstract/plain_nary_fun.hh>
+# include <xtd/abstract/meta_nary_fun.hh>
 # include <xtd/mexpr.hh>
 
 
@@ -105,16 +103,16 @@
   */
 
   template <typename Dest, typename A>
-  typename xtd::case_< xtd::tag::meta_1ary_fun_operator,
+  typename xtd::case_< xtd::tag::fun_operator_1,
 		       mlc::pair_< meta_cast_<Dest>,
 				   A >
                      >::ret::res
   cast_(const A& a)
   {
-    typedef typename xtd::case_< xtd::tag::meta_1ary_fun_operator,
+    typedef typename xtd::case_< xtd::tag::fun_operator_1,
                                  mlc::pair_< meta_cast_<Dest>, A> >::ret case_t;
-    static const meta_cast_<Dest> the_;
-    return case_t::impl(&the_, a);
+    static const meta_cast_<Dest> target;
+    return case_t::impl(target, a);
   }
 
 
Index: xtd/math/trigo.hh
--- xtd/math/trigo.hh	(revision 441)
+++ xtd/math/trigo.hh	(working copy)
@@ -30,11 +30,7 @@
 
 # include <cmath>
 
-# include <mlc/assert.hh>
-# include <mlc/logic.hh>
-# include <mlc/cmp.hh>
-
-# include <xtd/abstract/plain_fun.hh>
+# include <xtd/abstract/plain_nary_fun.hh>
 # include <xtd/mfun.hh>
 
 
Index: xtd/math/arith.hh
--- xtd/math/arith.hh	(revision 441)
+++ xtd/math/arith.hh	(working copy)
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 # define EXTENDED_MATH_ARITH_HH
 
 # include <xtd/builtin/traits.hh>
-# include <xtd/abstract/plain_fun.hh>
+# include <xtd/abstract/plain_nary_fun.hh>
 # include <xtd/mfun.hh>
 
 
Index: xtd/math/id.hh
--- xtd/math/id.hh	(revision 441)
+++ xtd/math/id.hh	(working copy)
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 #ifndef EXTENDED_MATH_ID_HH
 # define EXTENDED_MATH_ID_HH
 
-# include <xtd/abstract/plain_fun.hh>
+# include <xtd/abstract/plain_nary_fun.hh>
 # include <xtd/mfun.hh>
 
 
Index: xtd/mexpr.hh
--- xtd/mexpr.hh	(revision 441)
+++ xtd/mexpr.hh	(working copy)
@@ -28,16 +28,8 @@
 #ifndef EXTENDED_MEXPR_HH
 # define EXTENDED_MEXPR_HH
 
-# include <mlc/case.hh>
-# include <mlc/assert.hh>
-# include <mlc/logic.hh>
-# include <mlc/is_a.hh>
-
-# include <xtd/abstract/nary_fun.hh>
-# include <xtd/abstract/fun_expr.hh>
-# include <xtd/args.hh>
-# include <xtd/res.hh>
-# include <xtd/literal.hh>
+# include <xtd/abstract/meta_nary_fun.hh>
+# include <xtd/abstract/fun_nary_expr.hh>
 
 
 
@@ -57,6 +49,9 @@
     struct MIXED_ARGUMENTS_IN_CALLING_A_TERNARY_META_FUNCTION__EXPR3;
 
     struct FIXME;
+    struct FIXME1;
+    struct FIXME2;
+    struct FIXME3;
 
   } // end of namespace xtd::ERROR
 
@@ -98,10 +93,10 @@
     : private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, abstract::nary_fun_<0>),
 			    ERROR::FIXME >,
 
-      private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, abstract::meta_fun_),
-			    ERROR::FIXME >,
+      private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, abstract::open_fun_),
+			    ERROR::FIXME2 >,
 
-      public abstract::nary_fun_expr_< 0, m0expr_<F> >
+      public abstract::fun_nary_expr_< 0, m0expr_<F> >
   {
     const F f;
 
@@ -109,11 +104,9 @@
       f()
     {}
 
-    m0expr_(const F& f) :
-     f(f)
+    m0expr_(const abstract::open_nary_fun_<0, F>& f) :
+     f(f.exact_())
     {
-      mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, abstract::nary_fun_<0>),
-	            ERROR::FIXME >::check();
     }
 
     template <typename Args>
@@ -162,13 +155,13 @@
     : private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, abstract::nary_fun_<1>),
 			    ERROR::FIXME >,
 
-      private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, abstract::meta_fun_),
-			    ERROR::FIXME >,
+      private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, abstract::open_fun_),
+			    ERROR::FIXME2 >,
 
       private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(Expr, abstract::fun_expr_),
 			    xtd::ERROR::FIXME >,
 
-      public abstract::nary_fun_expr_< xtd_nargs(Expr),
+      public abstract::fun_nary_expr_< xtd_nargs(Expr),
 				       m1expr_<F, Expr> >
   {
     typedef m1expr_<F, Expr> self;
@@ -183,16 +176,14 @@
 
     m1expr_(const abstract::fun_expr_<Expr>& expr) :
       f(),
-      expr(exact_of(expr))
+      expr(expr.exact())
     {}
 
-    m1expr_(const F& f, // FIXME: constraint?
+    m1expr_(const abstract::open_nary_fun_<1, F>& f,
 	    const abstract::fun_expr_<Expr>& expr) :
-      f(f),
-      expr(exact_of(expr))
+      f(f.exact_()),
+      expr(expr.exact())
     {
-      mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, abstract::nary_fun_<1>),
-	            ERROR::FIXME >::check();
     }
 
     template <typename Args>
@@ -244,16 +235,16 @@
   struct m2expr_
 
     : private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, abstract::nary_fun_<2>),
-			    ERROR::FIXME >,
+			    ERROR::FIXME1 >,
 
-      private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, abstract::meta_fun_),
-			    ERROR::FIXME >,
+      private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, abstract::open_fun_),
+			    ERROR::FIXME2 >,
 
       private mlc::assert_< mlc::and_< mlc_is_a(Expr1, abstract::fun_expr_),
 				       mlc_is_a(Expr2, abstract::fun_expr_) >,
-			    xtd::ERROR::FIXME >,
+			    xtd::ERROR::FIXME3 >,
 
-      public abstract::nary_fun_expr_< xtd_nargs(mlc_comma_2(m2expr_<F, Expr1, Expr2>)),
+      public abstract::fun_nary_expr_< xtd_nargs(mlc_comma_2(m2expr_<F, Expr1, Expr2>)),
 				       m2expr_<F, Expr1, Expr2> >
   {
     typedef m2expr_<F, Expr1, Expr2> self;
@@ -271,19 +262,17 @@
     m2expr_(const abstract::fun_expr_<Expr1>& expr1,
 	    const abstract::fun_expr_<Expr2>& expr2) :
       f(),
-      expr1(exact_of(expr1)),
-      expr2(exact_of(expr2))
+      expr1(expr1.exact()),
+      expr2(expr2.exact())
     {}
 
-    m2expr_(const F& f,
+    m2expr_(const abstract::open_nary_fun_<2, F>& f,
 	    const abstract::fun_expr_<Expr1>& expr1,
 	    const abstract::fun_expr_<Expr2>& expr2) :
-      f(f),
-      expr1(exact_of(expr1)),
-      expr2(exact_of(expr2))
+      f(f.exact_()),
+      expr1(expr1.exact()),
+      expr2(expr2.exact())
     {
-      mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, abstract::nary_fun_<2>),
-	            ERROR::FIXME >::check();
     }
 
     template <typename Args>
@@ -338,15 +327,15 @@
     : private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, abstract::nary_fun_<3>),
 			    ERROR::FIXME >,
 
-      private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, abstract::meta_fun_),
-			    ERROR::FIXME >,
+      private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, abstract::open_fun_),
+			    ERROR::FIXME2 >,
 
       private mlc::assert_< mlc::and_list_< mlc_is_a(Expr1, abstract::fun_expr_),
 					    mlc_is_a(Expr2, abstract::fun_expr_),
 					    mlc_is_a(Expr3, abstract::fun_expr_) >,
 			    xtd::ERROR::FIXME >,
 
-      public abstract::nary_fun_expr_< xtd_nargs(mlc_comma_3(m3expr_<F, Expr1, Expr2, Expr3>)),
+      public abstract::fun_nary_expr_< xtd_nargs(mlc_comma_3(m3expr_<F, Expr1, Expr2, Expr3>)),
 				       m3expr_<F, Expr1, Expr2, Expr3> >
   {
     typedef m3expr_<F, Expr1, Expr2, Expr3> self;
@@ -367,22 +356,20 @@
 	    const abstract::fun_expr_<Expr2>& expr2,
 	    const abstract::fun_expr_<Expr3>& expr3) :
       f(),
-      expr1(exact_of(expr1)),
-      expr2(exact_of(expr2)),
-      expr3(exact_of(expr3))
+      expr1(expr1.exact()),
+      expr2(expr2.exact()),
+      expr3(expr3.exact())
     {}
 
-    m3expr_(const F& f,
+    m3expr_(const abstract::open_nary_fun_<3, F>& f,
 	    const abstract::fun_expr_<Expr1>& expr1,
 	    const abstract::fun_expr_<Expr2>& expr2,
 	    const abstract::fun_expr_<Expr3>& expr3) :
-      f(f),
-      expr1(exact_of(expr1)),
-      expr2(exact_of(expr2)),
-      expr3(exact_of(expr3))
+      f(f.exact_()),
+      expr1(expr1.exact()),
+      expr2(expr2.exact()),
+      expr3(expr3.exact())
     {
-      mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, abstract::nary_fun_<3>),
-	            ERROR::FIXME >::check();
     }
 
     template <typename Args>
@@ -396,32 +383,32 @@
 
 
 
-  // meta_nary_fun_<1, F>::operator()(abstract::fun_expr_<Expr>& expr) const
+  // open_nary_fun_<1, F>::operator()(abstract::fun_expr_<Expr>& expr) const
 
   template <typename F, typename Expr>
-  struct case_< tag::meta_1ary_fun_operator,
+  struct case_< tag::fun_operator_1,
 		mlc::pair_<F, Expr>,
 		1 >
     : public mlc::where_< mlc_is_a(Expr, abstract::fun_expr_) >
   {
     typedef m1expr_<F, Expr> res;
 
-    static res impl(const abstract::meta_nary_fun_<1, F>* this_,
+    static res impl(const abstract::open_nary_fun_<1, F>& target,
 		    const abstract::fun_expr_<Expr>& expr)
     {
-      res tmp(exact_of(*this_), expr);
+      res tmp(target, expr);
       return tmp;
     }
   };
 
 
 
-  // meta_nary_fun_<2, F>::operator()(const fun_expr_<Expr1>& expr1,
+  // open_nary_fun_<2, F>::operator()(const fun_expr_<Expr1>& expr1,
   // 				      const fun_expr_<Expr2>& expr2) const
 
 
   template <typename F, typename Expr1, typename Expr2>
-  struct case_< tag::meta_2ary_fun_operator,
+  struct case_< tag::fun_operator_2,
 		mlc::valist_<F, Expr1, Expr2>,
 		1 >
     : public mlc::where_< mlc::or_< mlc_is_a(Expr1, abstract::fun_expr_),
@@ -437,11 +424,11 @@
   {
     typedef m2expr_<F, Expr1, Expr2> res;
 
-    static res impl(const abstract::meta_nary_fun_<2, F>* this_,
+    static res impl(const abstract::open_nary_fun_<2, F>& target,
 		    const abstract::fun_expr_<Expr1>& expr1,
 		    const abstract::fun_expr_<Expr2>& expr2)
       {
-	res tmp(exact_of(*this_), expr1, expr2);
+	res tmp(target, expr1, expr2);
 	return tmp;
       }
 
@@ -449,12 +436,12 @@
 
 
 
-  //   meta_nary_fun_<3, F>::operator()(const fun_expr_<Expr1>& expr1,
+  // open_nary_fun_<3, F>::operator()(const fun_expr_<Expr1>& expr1,
   // 				        const fun_expr_<Expr2>& expr2,
   // 				        const fun_expr_<Expr3>& expr3) const
 
   template <typename F, typename Expr1, typename Expr2, typename Expr3>
-  struct case_< tag::meta_3ary_fun_operator,
+  struct case_< tag::fun_operator_3,
 		mlc::valist_<F, Expr1, Expr2, Expr3>,
 		1 >
     : public mlc::where_< mlc::or_list_< mlc_is_a(Expr1, abstract::fun_expr_),
@@ -481,12 +468,12 @@
   {
     typedef m3expr_<F, Expr1, Expr2, Expr3> res;
 
-    static res impl(const abstract::meta_nary_fun_<3, F>* this_,
+    static res impl(const abstract::open_nary_fun_<3, F>& target,
 		    const abstract::fun_expr_<Expr1>& expr1,
 		    const abstract::fun_expr_<Expr2>& expr2,
 		    const abstract::fun_expr_<Expr3>& expr3)
     {
-      res tmp(exact_of(*this_), expr1, expr2, expr3);
+      res tmp(target, expr1, expr2, expr3);
       return tmp;
     }
   };
Index: xtd/args.hh
--- xtd/args.hh	(revision 441)
+++ xtd/args.hh	(working copy)
@@ -28,9 +28,13 @@
 #ifndef EXTENDED_ARGS_HH
 # define EXTENDED_ARGS_HH
 
-# include <mlc/flags.hh>
-# include <mlc/assert.hh>
-# include <mlc/is_a.hh>
+# include <xtd/internal/mlc.hh>
+
+
+
+// FIXME: doc
+
+# define xtd_nargs(F) xtd::internal::get_nargs_<F>::ret
 
 
 
@@ -60,6 +64,7 @@
 
 
 
+
   /*! \class xtd::args_<A1, ..>
   **
   ** FIXME: to pack arguments
@@ -158,6 +163,52 @@
   }
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  namespace ERROR
+  {
+
+    struct SPECIALIZATION_OF_xtd_nargs_IS_FOR_xtd_fun_expr_ONLY;
+    struct SPECIALIZATION_OF_xtd_nargs_NOT_FOUND_FOR_AN_xtd_fun_expr;
+
+  } // end of namespace xtd::ERROR
+
+
+
+  /*! \class xtd::nargs_<F>
+  **
+  ** FIXME: doc
+  */
+
+  template <typename F>
+  struct nargs_ : public mlc::undefined
+  {
+  };
+
+
+  namespace internal
+  {
+
+    template <typename F>
+    struct get_nargs_
+
+      : // private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, xtd::abstract::fun_expr_),
+	//	                 xtd::ERROR::SPECIALIZATION_OF_xtd_nargs_IS_FOR_xtd_fun_expr_ONLY >,
+        // FIXME: the static assertion above does *not* compile...
+
+	private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(xtd::nargs_<F>, mlc::undefined),
+			      xtd::ERROR::SPECIALIZATION_OF_xtd_nargs_NOT_FOUND_FOR_AN_xtd_fun_expr >
+    {
+      static const unsigned ret = xtd::nargs_<F>::ret;
+    };
+
+  } // end of xtd::internal
+
+
+
+
 } // end of namespace xtd
 
 
Index: xtd/literal.hh
--- xtd/literal.hh	(revision 441)
+++ xtd/literal.hh	(working copy)
@@ -28,12 +28,9 @@
 #ifndef EXTENDED_LITERAL_HH
 # define EXTENDED_LITERAL_HH
 
-# include <mlc/assert.hh>
-# include <mlc/is_a.hh>
-
-# include <xtd/abstract/plain_fun.hh>
-# include <xtd/abstract/meta_fun.hh>
-# include <xtd/abstract/fun_expr.hh>
+# include <xtd/abstract/plain_nary_fun.hh>
+# include <xtd/abstract/meta_nary_fun.hh>
+# include <xtd/abstract/fun_nary_expr.hh>
 
 
 
@@ -139,7 +136,7 @@
     : private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(T, abstract::fun_),
 			    xtd::ERROR::FIXME >,
 
-      public abstract::nary_fun_expr_< 0, literal_expr_<T> >
+      public abstract::fun_nary_expr_< 0, literal_expr_<T> >
   {
     const T value;
 
@@ -168,75 +165,5 @@
 } // end of namespace xtd
 
 
-# include <xtd/mexpr.hh>
-# include <xtd/arg.hh>
-
-
-namespace xtd
-{
-
-  namespace abstract
-  {
-
-    // nary_fun_expr_< 2, E >::bind_i
-
-    template <typename E>
-    template <typename T>
-    m2expr_< E, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<2> >
-    nary_fun_expr_< 2, E >::bind_1(const T& value) const
-    {
-      typedef m2expr_< E, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<2> > ret;
-      ret tmp(exact_of(this), lit(value), arg_<2>());
-      return tmp;
-    }
-
-    template <typename E>
-    template <typename T>
-    m2expr_< E, arg_<1>, literal_expr_<T> >
-    nary_fun_expr_< 2, E >::bind_2(const T& value) const
-    {
-      typedef m2expr_< E, arg_<1>, literal_expr_<T> > ret;
-      ret tmp(exact_of(this), arg_<1>(), lit(value));
-      return tmp;
-    }
-
-
-    // nary_fun_expr_< 3, E >::bind_i
-
-    template <typename E>
-    template <typename T>
-    m3expr_< E, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<2>, arg_<3> >
-    nary_fun_expr_< 3, E >::bind_1(const T& value) const
-    {
-      typedef m3expr_< E, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<2>, arg_<3> > ret;
-      ret tmp(exact_of(this), lit(value), arg_<2>(), arg_<3>());
-      return tmp;
-    }
-
-    template <typename E>
-    template <typename T>
-    m3expr_< E, arg_<1>, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<3> >
-    nary_fun_expr_< 3, E >::bind_2(const T& value) const
-    {
-      typedef m3expr_< E, arg_<1>, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<3> > ret;
-      ret tmp(exact_of(this), arg_<1>(), lit(value), arg_<3>());
-      return tmp;
-    }
-
-    template <typename E>
-    template <typename T>
-    m3expr_< E, arg_<1>, arg_<2>, literal_expr_<T> >
-    nary_fun_expr_< 3, E >::bind_3(const T& value) const
-    {
-      typedef m3expr_< E, arg_<1>, arg_<2>, literal_expr_<T> > ret;
-      ret tmp(exact_of(this), arg_<1>(), arg_<2>(), lit(value));
-      return tmp;
-    }
-
-  } // end of namespace xtd::abstract
-
-} // end of namespace xtd
-
-
 
 #endif // ! EXTENDED_LITERAL_HH
Index: xtd/ops_expr.hh
--- xtd/ops_expr.hh	(revision 441)
+++ xtd/ops_expr.hh	(working copy)
@@ -28,8 +28,6 @@
 #ifndef EXTENDED_OPS_EXPR_HH
 # define EXTENDED_OPS_EXPR_HH
 
-# include <mlc/case.hh>
-
 # include <xtd/abstract/fun_expr.hh>
 # include <xtd/mexpr.hh>
 # include <xtd/math/arith.hh>
Index: xtd/abstract/open_nary_fun.hh
--- xtd/abstract/open_nary_fun.hh	(revision 0)
+++ xtd/abstract/open_nary_fun.hh	(revision 0)
@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2002, 2005, 2006  EPITA Research and Development Laboratory
+//
+// This file is part of the Olena Library.  This library is free
+// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
+// of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by the
+// Free Software Foundation.
+//
+// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+// General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with this library; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to
+// the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston,
+// MA 02111-1307, USA.
+//
+// As a special exception, you may use this file as part of a free
+// software library without restriction.  Specifically, if other files
+// instantiate templates or use macros or inline functions from this
+// file, or you compile this file and link it with other files to
+// produce an executable, this file does not by itself cause the
+// resulting executable to be covered by the GNU General Public
+// License.  This exception does not however invalidate any other
+// reasons why the executable file might be covered by the GNU General
+// Public License.
+
+#ifndef EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_OPEN_NARY_FUN_HH
+# define EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_OPEN_NARY_FUN_HH
+
+# include <xtd/abstract/open_fun.hh>
+# include <xtd/abstract/nary_fun.hh>
+# include <xtd/res.hh>
+
+
+
+
+// macros
+
+namespace xtd
+{
+
+
+  namespace ERROR
+  {
+    struct ARG_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN;
+    struct ARG1_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN;
+    struct ARG2_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN;
+    struct ARG3_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN;
+
+    struct ARG_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_FUN;
+    struct ARG1_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_FUN;
+    struct ARG2_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_FUN;
+    struct ARG3_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_FUN;
+
+  }// end of namespace xtd
+
+
+
+  // FIXME: document case stuff...
+
+  namespace tag
+  {
+
+    struct fun_operator_1;
+    struct fun_operator_2;
+    struct fun_operator_3;
+
+  } // end of namespace xtd::tag
+
+
+  // open_nary_fun_<1, E>::operator()(const A& a) const
+
+  template <typename E, typename A>
+  struct default_case_ < tag::fun_operator_1,
+			 mlc::pair_<E, A> >
+  {
+    typedef xtd_res_1(E, A) res;
+
+    static res impl(const E& target,
+		    const A& a)
+    {
+      return target.impl_calc(a);
+    }
+  };
+
+
+  // open_nary_fun_<2, E>::operator()(const A1& a1, const A2& a2) const
+
+  template <typename E, typename A1, typename A2>
+  struct default_case_ < tag::fun_operator_2,
+			 mlc::valist_<E, A1, A2> >
+  {
+    typedef xtd_res_2(E, A1, A2) res;
+
+    static res impl(const E& target,
+		    const A1& a1, const A2& a2)
+    {
+      return target.impl_calc(a1, a2);
+    }
+  };
+
+
+  // open_nary_fun_<3, E>::operator()(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3) const
+
+  template <typename E, typename A1, typename A2, typename A3>
+  struct default_case_ < tag::fun_operator_3,
+			 mlc::valist_<E, A1, A2, A3> >
+  {
+    typedef xtd_res_3(E, A1, A2, A3) res;
+
+    static res impl(const E& target,
+		    const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3)
+    {
+      return target.impl_calc(a1, a2, a3);
+    }
+  };
+
+
+} // end of namespace xtd
+
+
+
+
+namespace xtd
+{
+
+  namespace abstract
+  {
+
+    /// Forward declarations.
+    /// \{
+
+    template <typename E> class plain_fun_;
+
+    template <typename E> class meta_fun_;
+
+    /// \}
+
+
+
+    /*! \class xtd::abstract::open_nary_fun_<n, E>
+    **
+    ** FIXME: doc
+    **
+    ** Parameter n is the number of arguments with n being 1, 2, or 3.
+    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
+    */
+
+    template <unsigned n, typename E>
+    class open_nary_fun_;
+
+
+
+    /*! \class xtd::abstract::open_nary_fun_<0, E>
+    **
+    ** FIXME: doc
+    ** This class is defined as a specialization.
+    **
+    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
+    */
+
+    template <typename E>
+    class open_nary_fun_< 0, E >
+
+      : public open_fun_<E>,
+	public nary_fun_<0>
+    {
+    public:
+
+      /*
+      ** This member is not templated so its behavior at compile-time
+      ** is different than open_nary_fun_<n,E>::operator() where n >
+      ** 0.  Here the return type should be known before the hierarchy
+      ** classes are fully compiled thus static assertions in the
+      ** macro xtd_res_0 do *not* work.  An alternate macro is thus
+      ** in use. 
+      */
+
+      xtd_internal_res_0(E)
+      operator()() const
+      {
+	return this->exact_().impl_calc();
+      }
+
+    protected:
+      open_nary_fun_() {}
+    };
+
+
+
+    /*! \class xtd::abstract::open_nary_fun_<1, E>
+    **
+    ** FIXME: doc
+    ** This class is defined as a specialization.
+    **
+    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
+    */
+
+    template <typename E>
+    class open_nary_fun_< 1, E >
+
+      : public open_fun_<E>,
+	public nary_fun_<1>
+    {
+    public:
+
+      template <typename A>
+      struct case_ 
+
+	: private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A, xtd::abstract::plain_fun_),
+				xtd::ERROR::ARG_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN >,
+
+	  private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A, xtd::abstract::meta_fun_),
+				xtd::ERROR::ARG_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_FUN >,
+
+	  public xtd::case_< xtd::tag::fun_operator_1,
+			     mlc::pair_<E, A> >::ret
+      {};
+
+      template <typename A>
+      typename case_<A>::res
+      operator()(const A& a) const
+      {
+	return case_<A>::impl(this->exact_(), a);
+      }
+
+    protected:
+      open_nary_fun_() {}
+    };
+
+
+
+    /*! \class xtd::abstract::operator_<2, E>
+    **
+    ** Abstract base class for meta functions taking two arguments.
+    ** This class is defined as a specialization.
+    **
+    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
+    */
+
+    template <typename E>
+    class open_nary_fun_< 2, E >
+
+      : public open_fun_<E>,
+	public nary_fun_<2>
+    {
+    public:
+
+      template <typename A1, typename A2>
+      struct case_
+
+	: private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A1, xtd::abstract::plain_fun_),
+				xtd::ERROR::ARG1_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN >,
+
+	  private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A1, xtd::abstract::meta_fun_),
+				xtd::ERROR::ARG1_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_FUN >,
+
+	  private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A2, xtd::abstract::plain_fun_),
+				xtd::ERROR::ARG2_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN >,
+
+	  private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A2, xtd::abstract::meta_fun_),
+				xtd::ERROR::ARG2_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_FUN >,
+
+	  public xtd::case_< xtd::tag::fun_operator_2,
+			     mlc::valist_<E, A1, A2> >::ret
+      {};
+
+      template <typename A1, typename A2>
+      typename case_<A1, A2>::res
+      operator()(const A1& a1, const A2& a2) const
+      {
+	return case_<A1, A2>::impl(this->exact_(), a1, a2);
+      }
+
+    protected:
+      open_nary_fun_() {}
+    };
+
+
+    /*! \class xtd::abstract::open_nary_fun_<3, E>
+    **
+    ** Abstract base class for meta functions taking three arguments.
+    ** This class is defined as a specialization.
+    **
+    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
+    */
+
+    template <typename E>
+    class open_nary_fun_< 3, E >
+
+      : public open_fun_<E>,
+	public nary_fun_<3>
+    {
+    public:
+
+      template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3>
+      struct case_
+
+	: private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A1, xtd::abstract::plain_fun_),
+				xtd::ERROR::ARG1_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN >,
+
+	  private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A1, xtd::abstract::meta_fun_),
+				xtd::ERROR::ARG1_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_FUN >,
+
+	  private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A2, xtd::abstract::plain_fun_),
+				xtd::ERROR::ARG2_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN >,
+
+	  private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A2, xtd::abstract::meta_fun_),
+				xtd::ERROR::ARG2_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_FUN >,
+
+	  private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A3, xtd::abstract::plain_fun_),
+				xtd::ERROR::ARG3_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN >,
+
+	  private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A3, xtd::abstract::meta_fun_),
+				xtd::ERROR::ARG3_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_FUN >,
+
+	  public xtd::case_< xtd::tag::fun_operator_3,
+			     mlc::valist_<E, A1, A2, A3> >::ret
+      {};
+
+      template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3>
+      typename case_<A1, A2, A3>::res
+      operator()(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3) const
+      {
+	return case_<A1, A2, A3>::impl(this->exact_(), a1, a2, a3);
+      }
+
+    protected:
+      open_nary_fun_() {}
+    };
+
+
+  } // end of namespace xtd::abstract
+
+} // end of namespace xtd
+
+
+
+#endif // ! EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_OPEN_NARY_FUN_HH
Index: xtd/abstract/plain_nary_fun.hh
--- xtd/abstract/plain_nary_fun.hh	(revision 0)
+++ xtd/abstract/plain_nary_fun.hh	(revision 0)
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2002, 2005, 2006  EPITA Research and Development Laboratory
+//
+// This file is part of the Olena Library.  This library is free
+// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
+// of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by the
+// Free Software Foundation.
+//
+// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+// General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with this library; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to
+// the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston,
+// MA 02111-1307, USA.
+//
+// As a special exception, you may use this file as part of a free
+// software library without restriction.  Specifically, if other files
+// instantiate templates or use macros or inline functions from this
+// file, or you compile this file and link it with other files to
+// produce an executable, this file does not by itself cause the
+// resulting executable to be covered by the GNU General Public
+// License.  This exception does not however invalidate any other
+// reasons why the executable file might be covered by the GNU General
+// Public License.
+
+#ifndef EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_PLAIN_NARY_FUN_HH
+# define EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_PLAIN_NARY_FUN_HH
+
+# include <xtd/abstract/plain_fun.hh>
+# include <xtd/abstract/nary_fun.hh>
+
+
+// macros
+
+# define xtd_arg(F)  typename xtd::typedef_::arg_type::from_<xtd::fun_traits_<F> >::ret
+# define xtd_arg1(F) typename xtd::typedef_::arg1_type::from_<xtd::fun_traits_<F> >::ret
+# define xtd_arg2(F) typename xtd::typedef_::arg2_type::from_<xtd::fun_traits_<F> >::ret
+# define xtd_arg3(F) typename xtd::typedef_::arg3_type::from_<xtd::fun_traits_<F> >::ret
+
+
+
+
+namespace xtd
+{
+
+  namespace ERROR
+  {
+    struct xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_arg_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_nary_fun_WITH_n_BEING_1;
+
+    struct xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_arg1_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_nary_fun_WITH_n_BEING_2;
+    struct xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_arg2_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_nary_fun_WITH_n_BEING_2;
+
+    struct xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_arg1_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_nary_fun_WITH_n_BEING_3;
+    struct xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_arg2_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_nary_fun_WITH_n_BEING_3;
+    struct xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_arg3_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_nary_fun_WITH_n_BEING_3;
+
+    struct AN_xtd_plain_function_DOES_NOT_ACCEPT_AN_xtd_function_AS_ARGUMENT;
+
+    // FIXME: add error messages corresponding to definitions without sense
+    // FIXME: such as having arg2 when the plain function is unary
+
+  } // end of namespace xtd::ERROR
+
+
+
+  mlc_decl_typedef(arg_type);
+  mlc_decl_typedef(arg1_type);
+  mlc_decl_typedef(arg2_type);
+  mlc_decl_typedef(arg3_type);
+
+
+  namespace abstract
+  {
+
+    /*! \class xtd::abstract::plain_nary_fun_<n, E>
+    **
+    ** Abstract base class for plain functions with an explicit number
+    ** of arguments.
+    **
+    ** Parameter n is the number of arguments with n being 0, 1, 2, or
+    ** 3.
+    **
+    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
+    */
+
+    template <unsigned n, typename E>
+    class plain_nary_fun_;
+
+
+
+    /*! \class xtd::abstract::plain_nary_fun_<0, E>
+    **
+    ** Abstract base class for plain functions taking no argument.
+    ** This class is defined as a specialization.
+    **
+    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
+    */
+
+    template <typename E>
+    class plain_nary_fun_< 0, E >
+
+      : public plain_fun_<E>,
+	public nary_fun_<0>
+
+    // FIXME: add many assertions in this class and the following ones
+    // FIXME: for instance, eq_< xtd_arg(E), mlc::not_found >, etc.
+    {
+    public:
+
+      xtd_res(E) operator()() const
+      {
+	return this->exact().impl_op();
+      }
+
+    protected:
+      plain_nary_fun_() {}
+    };
+
+
+
+    /*! \class xtd::abstract::plain_nary_fun_<1, E>
+    **
+    ** Abstract base class for plain functions taking one argument.
+    ** This class is defined as a specialization.
+    **
+    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
+    */
+
+    template <typename E>
+    class plain_nary_fun_< 1, E >
+
+      : public plain_fun_<E>,
+	public nary_fun_<1>,
+
+	private mlc::assert_< mlc::neq_<xtd_arg(E), mlc::not_found>,
+                              xtd::ERROR::xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_arg_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_nary_fun_WITH_n_BEING_1 >
+    {
+    public:
+
+      xtd_res(E) operator()(const xtd_arg(E)& arg) const
+      {
+	return this->exact().impl_op(arg);
+      }
+
+      template <typename A>
+      xtd_res(E) operator()(const A& arg) const
+      {
+	mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A, abstract::fun_),
+	              xtd::ERROR::AN_xtd_plain_function_DOES_NOT_ACCEPT_AN_xtd_function_AS_ARGUMENT >::check();
+	// FIXME: check that conversion is ok
+	return this->exact().impl_op(arg);
+      }
+
+    protected:
+      plain_nary_fun_() {}
+    };
+
+
+
+    /*! \class xtd::abstract::plain_nary_fun_<2, E>
+    **
+    ** Abstract base class for plain functions taking two arguments.
+    ** This class is defined as a specialization.
+    **
+    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
+    */
+
+    template <typename E>
+    class plain_nary_fun_< 2, E >
+
+      : public plain_fun_<E>,
+	public nary_fun_<2>,
+
+	private mlc::assert_< mlc::neq_<xtd_arg1(E), mlc::not_found>,
+                              xtd::ERROR::xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_arg1_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_nary_fun_WITH_n_BEING_2 >,
+
+	private mlc::assert_< mlc::neq_<xtd_arg2(E), mlc::not_found>,
+                              xtd::ERROR::xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_arg2_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_nary_fun_WITH_n_BEING_2 >
+    {
+    public:
+
+      xtd_res(E) operator()(const xtd_arg1(E)& arg1,
+			    const xtd_arg2(E)& arg2) const
+      {
+	return this->exact().impl_op(arg1, arg2);
+      }
+
+      template <typename A1, typename A2>
+      xtd_res(E) operator()(const A1& arg1, const A2& arg2) const
+      {
+	// FIXME: be more specific in the assertions below (and also in the other classes)
+	mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A1, abstract::fun_),
+	              xtd::ERROR::AN_xtd_plain_function_DOES_NOT_ACCEPT_AN_xtd_function_AS_ARGUMENT >::check();
+	mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A2, abstract::fun_),
+	              xtd::ERROR::AN_xtd_plain_function_DOES_NOT_ACCEPT_AN_xtd_function_AS_ARGUMENT >::check();
+	// FIXME: check that conversions below are ok
+	return this->exact().impl_op(arg1, arg2);
+      }
+
+    protected:
+      plain_nary_fun_() {}
+    };
+
+
+
+    /*! \class xtd::abstract::plain_nary_fun_<3, E>
+    **
+    ** Abstract base class for plain functions taking three arguments.
+    ** This class is defined as a specialization.
+    **
+    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
+    */
+
+    template <typename E>
+    class plain_nary_fun_< 3, E >
+
+      : public plain_fun_<E>,
+	public nary_fun_<3>,
+
+	private mlc::assert_< mlc::neq_<xtd_arg1(E), mlc::not_found>,
+                              xtd::ERROR::xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_arg1_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_nary_fun_WITH_n_BEING_3 >,
+
+	private mlc::assert_< mlc::neq_<xtd_arg2(E), mlc::not_found>,
+                              xtd::ERROR::xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_arg2_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_nary_fun_WITH_n_BEING_3 >,
+
+	private mlc::assert_< mlc::neq_<xtd_arg3(E), mlc::not_found>,
+                              xtd::ERROR::xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_arg3_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_nary_fun_WITH_n_BEING_3 >
+    {
+    public:
+
+      xtd_res(E) operator()(const xtd_arg1(E)& arg1,
+			    const xtd_arg2(E)& arg2,
+			    const xtd_arg3(E)& arg3) const
+      {
+	return this->exact().impl_op(arg1, arg2, arg3);
+      }
+
+      template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3>
+      xtd_res(E) operator()(const A1& arg1,
+			    const A2& arg2,
+			    const A3& arg3) const
+      {
+	mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A1, abstract::fun_),
+	              xtd::ERROR::AN_xtd_plain_function_DOES_NOT_ACCEPT_AN_xtd_function_AS_ARGUMENT >::check();
+	mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A2, abstract::fun_),
+	              xtd::ERROR::AN_xtd_plain_function_DOES_NOT_ACCEPT_AN_xtd_function_AS_ARGUMENT >::check();
+	mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A3, abstract::fun_),
+	              xtd::ERROR::AN_xtd_plain_function_DOES_NOT_ACCEPT_AN_xtd_function_AS_ARGUMENT >::check();
+	// FIXME: check that conversions below are ok
+	return this->exact().impl_op(arg1, arg2, arg3);
+      }
+
+    protected:
+      plain_nary_fun_() {}
+    };
+
+
+  } // end of namespace xtd::abstract
+
+} // end of namespace xtd
+
+
+
+#endif // ! EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_PLAIN_NARY_FUN_HH
Index: xtd/abstract/fun_expr.hh
--- xtd/abstract/fun_expr.hh	(revision 441)
+++ xtd/abstract/fun_expr.hh	(working copy)
@@ -28,20 +28,9 @@
 #ifndef EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_FUN_EXPR_HH
 # define EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_FUN_EXPR_HH
 
-# include <mlc/flags.hh>
-# include <mlc/bool.hh>
-# include <mlc/is_a.hh>
-# include <mlc/comma.hh>
-
-# include <xtd/args.hh>
+# include <xtd/abstract/fun.hh>
 # include <xtd/res.hh>
-# include <xtd/abstract/meta_fun.hh>
-
-
-
-// FIXME: doc
-
-# define xtd_nargs(F) xtd::internal::get_nargs_<F>::ret
+# include <xtd/args.hh>
 
 
 
@@ -53,267 +42,45 @@
   {
 
     struct INTERNAL_ILL_FORMED_CALL_TO_xtd_fun_expr_eval;
-    struct SPECIALIZATION_OF_xtd_nargs_IS_FOR_xtd_fun_expr_ONLY;
-    struct SPECIALIZATION_OF_xtd_nargs_NOT_FOUND_FOR_AN_xtd_fun_expr;
 
   } // end of namespace xtd::ERROR
 
 
 
-
-  /// Forward declarations.
-  /// \{
-
   namespace abstract
   {
-    template <typename E> class fun_expr_;
-  }
-
-  template <typename F, typename Expr1, typename Expr2>
-  struct m2expr_;
-
-  template <typename F, typename Expr1, typename Expr2, typename Expr3>
-  struct m3expr_;
-
-  template <typename T>
-  struct literal_expr_;
-
-  template <unsigned i>
-  struct arg_;
-
-  /// \}
-
-
-
-  /*! \class xtd::nargs_<F>
-  **
-  ** FIXME: doc
-  ** FIXME: and add a mechanism so that the type of F is checked
-  ** FIXME: Cf. get_res0_ in xtd/abstract/meta_fun.hh 
-  */
-
-  template <typename F>
-  struct nargs_ : public mlc::undefined
-  {
-  };
-
-
-  namespace internal
-  {
-
-    template <typename F>
-    struct get_nargs_
-
-      : // private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, xtd::abstract::fun_expr_),
-	//	                 xtd::ERROR::SPECIALIZATION_OF_xtd_nargs_IS_FOR_xtd_fun_expr_ONLY >,
-        // FIXME: the static assertion above does *not* compile...
-
-	private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(xtd::nargs_<F>, mlc::undefined),
-			      xtd::ERROR::SPECIALIZATION_OF_xtd_nargs_NOT_FOUND_FOR_AN_xtd_fun_expr >
-    {
-      static const unsigned ret = xtd::nargs_<F>::ret;
-    };
 
-  } // end of xtd::internal
-
-
-
-  namespace abstract
-  {
 
 
     /*! \class xtd::abstract::fun_expr_<E>
     **
     ** Abstract base class for function expressions.  Parameter E is
     ** the exact type of the function expression.
-    **
-    ** Design note: this class does not derive from xtd::abstract::any
-    ** to avoid diamond inheritance since fun_expr classes are also
-    ** meta_fun classes.
     */
 
     template <typename E>
     class fun_expr_
 
-    // FIXME: at that point, we should verify that nargs_<E> is user-defined...
-
       : public fun_<E>
     {
     public:
 
       template <typename Args>
       xtd_expr_res(E, Args)
-	eval(const Args& as) const
+	eval(const Args& arglist) const
       {
 	mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(Args, xtd::abstract::args),
 	  xtd::ERROR::INTERNAL_ILL_FORMED_CALL_TO_xtd_fun_expr_eval >::check();
-	return exact_of(this)->impl_eval(as);
+	return this->exact().impl_eval(arglist);
       }
 
-    protected:
-      fun_expr_() {}
-    };
-
-
-
-
-
-
-    /*! \class xtd::abstract::nary_fun_expr_<n, E>
-    **
-    ** Abstract base class for function expressions with an explicit
-    ** number of arguments.
-    **
-    ** Parameter n is the number of arguments with n being 0, 1, 2, or
-    ** 3.
-    **
-    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
-    */
-
-    template <unsigned n, typename E>
-    class nary_fun_expr_;
-
-
-
-    /*! \class xtd::abstract::nary_fun_expr_<0, E>
-    **
-    ** Abstract base class for function expressions taking no
-    ** argument.
-    **
-    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
-    */
-
-    template <typename E>
-    class nary_fun_expr_< 0, E >
-
-      : public fun_expr_<E>,
-	public meta_nary_fun_<0, E>
+      unsigned nargs() const
     {
-    public:
-
-      // the return type here is not xtd_res_0(E)
-      // the explanations are given with meta_nary_fun_<0, E>::operator()()
-      // in file xtd/abstract/meta_fun.hh
-
-      xtd_internal_res_0(E)
-	impl_calc() const
-      {
-	return this->eval(mk_args());
-      }
-
-      // no bind_i method here
-
-    protected:
-      nary_fun_expr_() {}
-    };
-
-
-
-    /*! \class xtd::abstract::nary_fun_expr_<1, E>
-    **
-    ** Abstract base class for function expressions taking one
-    ** argument.
-    **
-    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
-    */
-
-    template <typename E>
-    class nary_fun_expr_< 1, E >
-
-      : public fun_expr_<E>,
-	public meta_nary_fun_<1, E>
-    {
-    public:
-
-      template <typename A>
-      xtd_res_1(E, A)
-	impl_calc(const A& a) const
-      {
-	return this->eval(mk_args(a));
-      }
-
-      // no bind_i method here
-
-    protected:
-      nary_fun_expr_() {}
-    };
-
-
-
-    /*! \class xtd::abstract::nary_fun_expr_<2, E>
-    **
-    ** Abstract base class for function expressions taking two
-    ** arguments.
-    **
-    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
-    */
-
-    template <typename E>
-    class nary_fun_expr_< 2, E >
-
-      : public fun_expr_<E>,
-	public meta_nary_fun_<2, E>
-    {
-    public:
-
-      template <typename A1, typename A2>
-      xtd_res_2(E, A1, A2)
-	impl_calc(const A1& a1, const A2& a2) const
-      {
-	return this->eval(mk_args(a1, a2));
-      }
-
-      template <typename T>
-      m2expr_< E, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<2> >
-      bind_1(const T& value) const;
-
-      template <typename T>
-      m2expr_< E, arg_<1>, literal_expr_<T> >
-      bind_2(const T& value) const;
-
-    protected:
-      nary_fun_expr_() {}
-    };
-
-
-
-    /*! \class xtd::abstract::nary_fun_expr_<3, E>
-    **
-    ** Abstract base class for function expressions taking three
-    ** arguments.
-    **
-    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
-    */
-
-    template <typename E>
-    class nary_fun_expr_< 3, E >
-
-      : public fun_expr_<E>,
-	public meta_nary_fun_<3, E>
-    {
-    public:
-
-      template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3>
-      xtd_res_3(E, A1, A2, A3)
-	impl_calc(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3) const
-      {
-	return this->eval(mk_args(a1, a2, a3));
+	return xtd_nargs(E);
       }
 
-      template <typename T>
-      m3expr_< E, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<2>, arg_<3> >
-      bind_1(const T& value) const;
-
-      template <typename T>
-      m3expr_< E, arg_<1>, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<3> >
-      bind_2(const T& value) const;
-
-      template <typename T>
-      m3expr_< E, arg_<1>, arg_<2>, literal_expr_<T> >
-      bind_3(const T& value) const;
-
     protected:
-      nary_fun_expr_() {}
+      fun_expr_() {}
     };
 
 
Index: xtd/abstract/meta_nary_fun.hh
--- xtd/abstract/meta_nary_fun.hh	(revision 0)
+++ xtd/abstract/meta_nary_fun.hh	(revision 0)
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2002, 2005, 2006  EPITA Research and Development Laboratory
+//
+// This file is part of the Olena Library.  This library is free
+// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
+// of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by the
+// Free Software Foundation.
+//
+// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+// General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with this library; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to
+// the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston,
+// MA 02111-1307, USA.
+//
+// As a special exception, you may use this file as part of a free
+// software library without restriction.  Specifically, if other files
+// instantiate templates or use macros or inline functions from this
+// file, or you compile this file and link it with other files to
+// produce an executable, this file does not by itself cause the
+// resulting executable to be covered by the GNU General Public
+// License.  This exception does not however invalidate any other
+// reasons why the executable file might be covered by the GNU General
+// Public License.
+
+#ifndef EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_META_NARY_FUN_HH
+# define EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_META_NARY_FUN_HH
+
+# include <xtd/abstract/meta_fun.hh>
+# include <xtd/abstract/open_nary_fun.hh>
+
+
+
+namespace xtd
+{
+
+  namespace abstract
+  {
+
+
+    /*! \class xtd::abstract::meta_nary_fun_<n, E>
+    **
+    ** Abstract base class for meta functions with an explicit number
+    ** of arguments.
+    **
+    ** Parameter n is the number of arguments with n being 1, 2, or 3.
+    **
+    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
+    */
+
+    template <unsigned n, typename E>
+    class meta_nary_fun_;
+
+
+
+    /*! \class xtd::abstract::meta_nary_fun_<0, E>
+    **
+    ** Abstract base class for meta functions taking no argument.
+    ** This class is defined as a specialization.
+    **
+    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
+    */
+
+    template <typename E>
+    class meta_nary_fun_< 0, E >
+
+      : public meta_fun_<E>,
+	public open_nary_fun_<0, E>
+    {
+    protected:
+      meta_nary_fun_() {}
+    };
+
+
+
+    /*! \class xtd::abstract::meta_nary_fun_<1, E>
+    **
+    ** Abstract base class for meta functions taking one argument.
+    ** This class is defined as a specialization.
+    **
+    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
+    */
+
+    template <typename E>
+    class meta_nary_fun_< 1, E >
+
+      : public meta_fun_<E>,
+	public open_nary_fun_<1, E>
+    {
+    protected:
+      meta_nary_fun_() {}
+    };
+
+
+
+    /*! \class xtd::abstract::meta_nary_fun_<2, E>
+    **
+    ** Abstract base class for meta functions taking two arguments.
+    ** This class is defined as a specialization.
+    **
+    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
+    */
+
+    template <typename E>
+    class meta_nary_fun_< 2, E >
+
+      : public meta_fun_<E>,
+	public open_nary_fun_<2, E>
+    {
+    protected:
+      meta_nary_fun_() {}
+    };
+
+
+
+    /*! \class xtd::abstract::meta_nary_fun_<3, E>
+    **
+    ** Abstract base class for meta functions taking three arguments.
+    ** This class is defined as a specialization.
+    **
+    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
+    */
+
+    template <typename E>
+    class meta_nary_fun_< 3, E >
+
+      : public meta_fun_<E>,
+	public open_nary_fun_<3, E>
+    {
+    protected:
+      meta_nary_fun_() {}
+    };
+
+
+  } // end of namespace xtd::abstract
+
+} // end of namespace xtd
+
+
+
+#endif // ! EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_META_NARY_FUN_HH
Index: xtd/abstract/fun.hh
--- xtd/abstract/fun.hh	(revision 441)
+++ xtd/abstract/fun.hh	(working copy)
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@
 #ifndef EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_FUN_HH
 # define EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_FUN_HH
 
+# include <xtd/internal/mlc.hh>
+
 
 namespace xtd
 {
@@ -44,6 +46,13 @@
     template <typename E>
     class fun_
     {
+    public:
+
+      const E& exact() const
+      {
+	return *(const E*)(const void*)(this);
+      }
+      
     protected:
       fun_() {}
     };
@@ -52,22 +61,6 @@
   } // end of namespace xtd::abstract
 
 
-
-  // FIXME: doc
-
-  template <typename E>
-  const E* exact_of(const abstract::fun_<E>* f)
-  {
-    return (const E*)(const void*)(f);
-  }
-
-  template <typename E>
-  const E& exact_of(const abstract::fun_<E>& f)
-  {
-    return *(const E*)(const void*)(&f);
-  }
-
-
 } // end of namespace xtd
 
 
Index: xtd/abstract/open_fun.hh
--- xtd/abstract/open_fun.hh	(revision 0)
+++ xtd/abstract/open_fun.hh	(revision 0)
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2002, 2005, 2006  EPITA Research and Development Laboratory
+//
+// This file is part of the Olena Library.  This library is free
+// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
+// of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by the
+// Free Software Foundation.
+//
+// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+// General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with this library; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to
+// the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston,
+// MA 02111-1307, USA.
+//
+// As a special exception, you may use this file as part of a free
+// software library without restriction.  Specifically, if other files
+// instantiate templates or use macros or inline functions from this
+// file, or you compile this file and link it with other files to
+// produce an executable, this file does not by itself cause the
+// resulting executable to be covered by the GNU General Public
+// License.  This exception does not however invalidate any other
+// reasons why the executable file might be covered by the GNU General
+// Public License.
+
+#ifndef EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_OPEN_FUN_HH
+# define EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_OPEN_FUN_HH
+
+# include <xtd/internal/mlc.hh>
+
+
+namespace xtd
+{
+
+  namespace abstract
+  {
+
+    /*! \class xtd::abstract::open_fun_<E>
+    **
+    ** FIXME: doc
+    **
+    ** Parameter n is the number of arguments with n being 1, 2, or 3.
+    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
+    */
+
+    template <typename E>
+    class open_fun_
+    {
+    protected:
+
+      open_fun_()
+      {}
+
+    public:
+
+      const E& exact_() const
+      {
+	return *(const E*)(const void*)(this);
+      }
+    };
+
+
+  } // end of namespace xtd::abstract
+
+} // end of namespace xtd
+
+
+
+#endif // ! EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_OPEN_FUN_HH
Index: xtd/abstract/plain_fun.hh
--- xtd/abstract/plain_fun.hh	(revision 441)
+++ xtd/abstract/plain_fun.hh	(working copy)
@@ -28,24 +28,10 @@
 #ifndef EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_PLAIN_FUN_HH
 # define EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_PLAIN_FUN_HH
 
-# include <mlc/flags.hh>
-# include <mlc/assert.hh>
-# include <mlc/is_a.hh>
-# include <mlc/typedef.hh>
-# include <mlc/assert.hh>
-# include <mlc/abort.hh>
-
 # include <xtd/abstract/fun.hh>
-# include <xtd/abstract/nary_fun.hh>
-
-
-// macros
 
-# define xtd_arg(F)  typename xtd::typedef_::arg_type::from_<xtd::fun_traits_<F> >::ret
 
-# define xtd_arg1(F) typename xtd::typedef_::arg1_type::from_<xtd::fun_traits_<F> >::ret
-# define xtd_arg2(F) typename xtd::typedef_::arg2_type::from_<xtd::fun_traits_<F> >::ret
-# define xtd_arg3(F) typename xtd::typedef_::arg3_type::from_<xtd::fun_traits_<F> >::ret
+// macro
 
 # define xtd_res(F)  typename xtd::typedef_::res_type::from_<xtd::fun_traits_<F> >::ret
 
@@ -59,25 +45,8 @@
   {
     struct SPECIALIZATION_OF_xtd_fun_traits_NOT_FOUND_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_fun;
     struct xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_res_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_fun;
-
-    struct xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_arg_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_nary_fun_WITH_n_BEING_1;
-
-    struct xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_arg1_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_nary_fun_WITH_n_BEING_2;
-    struct xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_arg2_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_nary_fun_WITH_n_BEING_2;
-
-    struct xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_arg1_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_nary_fun_WITH_n_BEING_3;
-    struct xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_arg2_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_nary_fun_WITH_n_BEING_3;
-    struct xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_arg3_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_nary_fun_WITH_n_BEING_3;
-
     struct YOU_SHOULD_NOT_DERIVE_FROM_xtd_plain_fun_BUT_FROM_xtd_plain_nary_fun;
 
-    struct FIXME;
-
-    struct AN_xtd_plain_function_DOES_NOT_ACCEPT_AN_xtd_function_AS_ARGUMENT;
-
-    // FIXME: add error messages corresponding to definitions without sense
-    // FIXME: such as having arg2 when the plain function is unary
-
   } // end of namespace xtd::ERROR
 
 
@@ -85,31 +54,15 @@
   template <typename F>
   struct fun_traits_ : public mlc::undefined
   {
-    // nothing
   };
 
 
-  mlc_decl_typedef(arg_type);
-
-  mlc_decl_typedef(arg1_type);
-  mlc_decl_typedef(arg2_type);
-  mlc_decl_typedef(arg3_type);
-
   mlc_decl_typedef(res_type);
 
 
   namespace abstract
   {
 
-    /// Forward declarations.
-    /// \{
-    template <unsigned n, typename E> class plain_nary_fun_;
-    template <typename E> class meta_fun_;
-    template <typename E> class fun_expr_;
-    /// \}
-
-
-
     /*! \class xtd::abstract::plain_fun_
     **
     ** Abstract base class for plain functions.  Parameter E is the
@@ -137,153 +90,6 @@
     };
 
 
-    /*! \class xtd::abstract::plain_nary_fun_<n, E>
-    **
-    ** Abstract base class for plain functions with an explicit number
-    ** of arguments.
-    **
-    ** Parameter n is the number of arguments with n being 0, 1, 2, or
-    ** 3.
-    **
-    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
-    */
-
-    template <unsigned n, typename E>
-    class plain_nary_fun_;
-
-
-
-    /*! \class xtd::abstract::plain_nary_fun_<0, E>
-    **
-    ** Abstract base class for plain functions taking no argument.
-    ** This class is defined as a specialization.
-    **
-    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
-    */
-
-    template <typename E>
-    class plain_nary_fun_< 0, E >
-
-      : public plain_fun_<E>,
-	public nary_fun_<0>
-    {
-    public:
-
-      xtd_res(E) operator()() const
-      {
-	return exact_of(this)->impl_op();
-      }
-
-    protected:
-      plain_nary_fun_() {}
-    };
-
-
-
-    /*! \class xtd::abstract::plain_nary_fun_<1, E>
-    **
-    ** Abstract base class for plain functions taking one argument.
-    ** This class is defined as a specialization.
-    **
-    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
-    */
-
-    template <typename E>
-    class plain_nary_fun_< 1, E >
-
-      : public plain_fun_<E>,
-	public nary_fun_<1>,
-
-	private mlc::assert_< mlc::neq_<xtd_arg(E), mlc::not_found>,
-                              xtd::ERROR::xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_arg_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_nary_fun_WITH_n_BEING_1 >
-    {
-    public:
-
-      template <typename F>
-      void operator()(const abstract::fun_<F>&) const
-      {
- 	mlc::abort_< F,
-	             xtd::ERROR::AN_xtd_plain_function_DOES_NOT_ACCEPT_AN_xtd_function_AS_ARGUMENT >::check();
-      }
-
-      xtd_res(E) operator()(const xtd_arg(E)& arg) const
-      {
-	return exact_of(this)->impl_op(arg);
-      }
-
-    protected:
-      plain_nary_fun_() {}
-    };
-
-
-
-    /*! \class xtd::abstract::plain_nary_fun_<2, E>
-    **
-    ** Abstract base class for plain functions taking two arguments.
-    ** This class is defined as a specialization.
-    **
-    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
-    */
-
-    template <typename E>
-    class plain_nary_fun_< 2, E >
-
-      : public plain_fun_<E>,
-	public nary_fun_<2>,
-
-	private mlc::assert_< mlc::neq_<xtd_arg1(E), mlc::not_found>,
-                              xtd::ERROR::xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_arg1_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_nary_fun_WITH_n_BEING_2 >,
-
-	private mlc::assert_< mlc::neq_<xtd_arg2(E), mlc::not_found>,
-                              xtd::ERROR::xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_arg2_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_nary_fun_WITH_n_BEING_2 >
-    {
-    public:
-      xtd_res(E) operator()(const xtd_arg1(E)& arg1,
-			    const xtd_arg2(E)& arg2) const
-      {
-	return exact_of(this)->impl_op(arg1, arg2);
-      }
-    protected:
-      plain_nary_fun_() {}
-    };
-
-
-
-    /*! \class xtd::abstract::plain_nary_fun_<3, E>
-    **
-    ** Abstract base class for plain functions taking three arguments.
-    ** This class is defined as a specialization.
-    **
-    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
-    */
-
-    template <typename E>
-    class plain_nary_fun_< 3, E >
-
-      : public plain_fun_<E>,
-	public nary_fun_<3>,
-
-	private mlc::assert_< mlc::neq_<xtd_arg1(E), mlc::not_found>,
-                              xtd::ERROR::xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_arg1_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_nary_fun_WITH_n_BEING_3 >,
-
-	private mlc::assert_< mlc::neq_<xtd_arg2(E), mlc::not_found>,
-                              xtd::ERROR::xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_arg2_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_nary_fun_WITH_n_BEING_3 >,
-
-	private mlc::assert_< mlc::neq_<xtd_arg3(E), mlc::not_found>,
-                              xtd::ERROR::xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_arg3_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_nary_fun_WITH_n_BEING_3 >
-    {
-    public:
-      xtd_res(E) operator()(const xtd_arg1(E)& arg1,
-			    const xtd_arg2(E)& arg2,
-			    const xtd_arg3(E)& arg3) const
-      {
-	return exact_of(this)->impl_op(arg1, arg2, arg3);
-      }
-    protected:
-      plain_nary_fun_() {}
-    };
-
-
   } // end of namespace xtd::abstract
 
 } // end of namespace xtd
Index: xtd/abstract/meta_fun.hh
--- xtd/abstract/meta_fun.hh	(revision 441)
+++ xtd/abstract/meta_fun.hh	(working copy)
@@ -28,108 +28,20 @@
 #ifndef EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_META_FUN_HH
 # define EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_META_FUN_HH
 
-# include <mlc/flags.hh>
-# include <mlc/pair.hh>
-# include <mlc/valist.hh>
-
 # include <xtd/abstract/fun.hh>
-# include <xtd/abstract/nary_fun.hh>
-# include <xtd/args.hh>
-# include <xtd/res.hh>
-# include <xtd/case.hh>
-
-
 
 
-// macros
-
 namespace xtd
 {
 
 
   namespace ERROR
   {
-    struct ARG_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN;
-    struct ARG1_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN;
-    struct ARG2_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN;
-    struct ARG3_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN;
-
-    struct ARG_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_NON_EXPR_FUN;
-    struct ARG1_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_NON_EXPR_FUN;
-    struct ARG2_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_NON_EXPR_FUN;
-    struct ARG3_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_NON_EXPR_FUN;
-
-  }// end of namespace xtd
-
-
-
-  // FIXME: document case stuff...
-
-  namespace tag
-  {
-
-    struct meta_1ary_fun_operator;
-    struct meta_2ary_fun_operator;
-    struct meta_3ary_fun_operator;
-
-  } // end of namespace xtd::tag
-
-
-  // meta_nary_fun_<1, E>::operator()(const A& a) const
-
-  template <typename E, typename A>
-  struct default_case_ < tag::meta_1ary_fun_operator,
-			 mlc::pair_<E, A> >
-  {
-    typedef xtd_res_1(E, A) res;
+    struct YOU_SHOULD_NOT_DERIVE_DIRECTLY_FROM_xtd_meta_fun_BUT_FROM_xtd_meta_nary_fun_;
 
-    static res impl(const abstract::meta_nary_fun_<1, E>* this_,
-		    const A& a)
-    {
-      return exact_of(this_)->impl_calc(a);
-    }
-  };
+  } // end of namespace xtd::ERROR
 
 
-  // meta_nary_fun_<2, E>::operator()(const A1& a1, const A2& a2) const
-
-  template <typename E, typename A1, typename A2>
-  struct default_case_ < tag::meta_2ary_fun_operator,
-			 mlc::valist_<E, A1, A2> >
-  {
-    typedef xtd_res_2(E, A1, A2) res;
-
-    static res impl(const abstract::meta_nary_fun_<2, E>* this_,
-		    const A1& a1, const A2& a2)
-    {
-      return exact_of(this_)->impl_calc(a1, a2);
-    }
-  };
-
-
-  // meta_nary_fun_<3, E>::operator()(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3) const
-
-  template <typename E, typename A1, typename A2, typename A3>
-  struct default_case_ < tag::meta_3ary_fun_operator,
-			 mlc::valist_<E, A1, A2, A3> >
-  {
-    typedef xtd_res_3(E, A1, A2, A3) res;
-
-    static res impl(const abstract::meta_nary_fun_<3, E>* this_,
-		    const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3)
-    {
-      return exact_of(this_)->impl_calc(a1, a2, a3);
-    }
-  };
-
-
-} // end of namespace xtd
-
-
-
-
-namespace xtd
-{
 
   namespace abstract
   {
@@ -157,206 +69,6 @@
     };
 
 
-    /*! \class xtd::abstract::meta_nary_fun_<n, E>
-    **
-    ** Abstract base class for meta functions with an explicit number
-    ** of arguments.
-    **
-    ** Parameter n is the number of arguments with n being 1, 2, or 3.
-    **
-    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
-    */
-
-    template <unsigned n, typename E>
-    class meta_nary_fun_;
-
-
-
-    /*! \class xtd::abstract::meta_nary_fun_<0, E>
-    **
-    ** Abstract base class for meta functions taking no argument.
-    ** This class is defined as a specialization.
-    **
-    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
-    */
-
-    template <typename E>
-    class meta_nary_fun_< 0, E >
-
-      : public meta_fun_<E>,
-	public nary_fun_<0>
-    {
-    public:
-
-      /*
-      ** This member is not templated so its behavior at compile-time
-      ** is different than meta_nary_fun_<n,E>::operator() where n >
-      ** 0.  Here the return type should be known before the hierarchy
-      ** classes are fully compiled thus static assertions in the
-      ** macro xtd_res_0 do *not* work.  An alternate macro is thus
-      ** in use. 
-      */
-
-      xtd_internal_res_0(E)
-      operator()() const
-      {
-	return exact_of(this)->impl_calc();
-      }
-
-    protected:
-      meta_nary_fun_() {}
-    };
-
-
-
-    /*! \class xtd::abstract::meta_nary_fun_<1, E>
-    **
-    ** Abstract base class for meta functions taking one argument.
-    ** This class is defined as a specialization.
-    **
-    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
-    */
-
-    template <typename E>
-    class meta_nary_fun_< 1, E >
-
-      : public meta_fun_<E>,
-	public nary_fun_<1>
-    {
-    public:
-
-      template <typename A>
-      struct case_ 
-
-	: private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A, xtd::abstract::plain_fun_),
-				xtd::ERROR::ARG_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN >,
-
-	  private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc_is_a(A, xtd::abstract::meta_fun_),
-					       mlc_is_a(A, xtd::abstract::fun_expr_) >,
-				xtd::ERROR::ARG_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_NON_EXPR_FUN >,
-
-	  public xtd::case_< xtd::tag::meta_1ary_fun_operator,
-			     mlc::pair_<E, A> >::ret
-      {};
-
-      template <typename A>
-      typename case_<A>::res
-      operator()(const A& a) const
-      {
-	return case_<A>::impl(this, a);
-      }
-
-    protected:
-      meta_nary_fun_() {}
-    };
-
-
-
-    /*! \class xtd::abstract::meta_nary_fun_<2, E>
-    **
-    ** Abstract base class for meta functions taking two arguments.
-    ** This class is defined as a specialization.
-    **
-    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
-    */
-
-    template <typename E>
-    class meta_nary_fun_< 2, E >
-
-      : public meta_fun_<E>,
-	public nary_fun_<2>
-    {
-    public:
-
-      template <typename A1, typename A2>
-      struct case_
-
-	: private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A1, xtd::abstract::plain_fun_),
-				xtd::ERROR::ARG1_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN >,
-
-	  private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc_is_a(A1, xtd::abstract::meta_fun_),
-					       mlc_is_a(A1, xtd::abstract::fun_expr_) >,
-				xtd::ERROR::ARG1_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_NON_EXPR_FUN >,
-
-	  private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A2, xtd::abstract::plain_fun_),
-				xtd::ERROR::ARG2_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN >,
-
-	  private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc_is_a(A2, xtd::abstract::meta_fun_),
-					       mlc_is_a(A2, xtd::abstract::fun_expr_) >,
-				xtd::ERROR::ARG2_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_NON_EXPR_FUN >,
-
-	  public xtd::case_< xtd::tag::meta_2ary_fun_operator,
-			     mlc::valist_<E, A1, A2> >::ret
-      {};
-
-      template <typename A1, typename A2>
-      typename case_<A1, A2>::res
-      operator()(const A1& a1, const A2& a2) const
-      {
-	return case_<A1, A2>::impl(this, a1, a2);
-      }
-
-    protected:
-      meta_nary_fun_() {}
-    };
-
-
-    /*! \class xtd::abstract::meta_nary_fun_<3, E>
-    **
-    ** Abstract base class for meta functions taking three arguments.
-    ** This class is defined as a specialization.
-    **
-    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
-    */
-
-    template <typename E>
-    class meta_nary_fun_< 3, E >
-
-      : public meta_fun_<E>,
-	public nary_fun_<3>
-    {
-    public:
-
-      template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3>
-      struct case_
-
-	: private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A1, xtd::abstract::plain_fun_),
-				xtd::ERROR::ARG1_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN >,
-
-	  private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc_is_a(A1, xtd::abstract::meta_fun_),
-					       mlc_is_a(A1, xtd::abstract::fun_expr_) >,
-				xtd::ERROR::ARG1_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_NON_EXPR_FUN >,
-
-	  private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A2, xtd::abstract::plain_fun_),
-				xtd::ERROR::ARG2_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN >,
-
-	  private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc_is_a(A2, xtd::abstract::meta_fun_),
-					       mlc_is_a(A2, xtd::abstract::fun_expr_) >,
-				xtd::ERROR::ARG2_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_NON_EXPR_FUN >,
-
-	  private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A3, xtd::abstract::plain_fun_),
-				xtd::ERROR::ARG3_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN >,
-
-	  private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc_is_a(A3, xtd::abstract::meta_fun_),
-					       mlc_is_a(A3, xtd::abstract::fun_expr_) >,
-				xtd::ERROR::ARG3_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_NON_EXPR_FUN >,
-
-	  public xtd::case_< xtd::tag::meta_3ary_fun_operator,
-			     mlc::valist_<E, A1, A2, A3> >::ret
-      {};
-
-      template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3>
-      typename case_<A1, A2, A3>::res
-      operator()(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3) const
-      {
-	return case_<A1, A2, A3>::impl(this, a1, a2, a3);
-      }
-
-    protected:
-      meta_nary_fun_() {}
-    };
-
-
   } // end of namespace xtd::abstract
 
 } // end of namespace xtd
Index: xtd/abstract/fun_nary_expr.hh
--- xtd/abstract/fun_nary_expr.hh	(revision 0)
+++ xtd/abstract/fun_nary_expr.hh	(revision 0)
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2002, 2005, 2006  EPITA Research and Development Laboratory
+//
+// This file is part of the Olena Library.  This library is free
+// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
+// of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by the
+// Free Software Foundation.
+//
+// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+// General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with this library; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to
+// the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston,
+// MA 02111-1307, USA.
+//
+// As a special exception, you may use this file as part of a free
+// software library without restriction.  Specifically, if other files
+// instantiate templates or use macros or inline functions from this
+// file, or you compile this file and link it with other files to
+// produce an executable, this file does not by itself cause the
+// resulting executable to be covered by the GNU General Public
+// License.  This exception does not however invalidate any other
+// reasons why the executable file might be covered by the GNU General
+// Public License.
+
+#ifndef EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_FUN_NARY_EXPR_HH
+# define EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_FUN_NARY_EXPR_HH
+
+# include <xtd/abstract/fun_expr.hh>
+# include <xtd/abstract/open_nary_fun.hh>
+
+
+
+namespace xtd
+{
+
+
+  /// Forward declarations.
+  /// \{
+
+  template <typename F, typename Expr1, typename Expr2>
+  struct m2expr_;
+
+  template <typename F, typename Expr1, typename Expr2, typename Expr3>
+  struct m3expr_;
+
+  template <typename T>
+  struct literal_expr_;
+
+  template <unsigned i>
+  struct arg_;
+
+  /// \}
+
+
+
+
+  namespace abstract
+  {
+
+    /*! \class xtd::abstract::fun_nary_expr_<n, E>
+    **
+    ** Abstract base class for function expressions with an explicit
+    ** number of arguments.
+    **
+    ** For "open_nary_fun_<n, E>::operator()(arg1,...)" we provide
+    ** "::impl_calc(arg1,...)".  This method first packs the argument list:
+    ** precisely "(arg1,...)" becomes "(arglist)" where the type of
+    ** "arglist" is "args_<Arg1,...>".  Then the computation is delegated
+    ** to "fun_expr_<E>::eval(arglist)".
+    **
+    ** Parameter n is the number of arguments with n being 0, 1, 2, or
+    ** 3.  Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
+    */
+
+    template <unsigned n, typename E>
+    class fun_nary_expr_;
+
+
+
+    /*! \class xtd::abstract::fun_nary_expr_<0, E>
+    **
+    ** Abstract base class for function expressions taking no
+    ** argument.
+    **
+    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
+    */
+
+    template <typename E>
+    class fun_nary_expr_< 0, E >
+
+      : public fun_expr_<E>,
+	public open_nary_fun_<0, E>
+    {
+    public:
+
+      // the return type here is not xtd_res_0(E)
+      // the explanations are given with meta_nary_fun_<0, E>::operator()()
+      // in file xtd/abstract/meta_fun.hh
+
+      xtd_internal_res_0(E)
+	impl_calc() const
+      {
+	return this->eval(mk_args());
+      }
+
+      // no bind_i method here
+
+    protected:
+      fun_nary_expr_() {}
+    };
+
+
+
+    /*! \class xtd::abstract::fun_nary_expr_<1, E>
+    **
+    ** Abstract base class for function expressions taking one
+    ** argument.
+    **
+    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
+    */
+
+    template <typename E>
+    class fun_nary_expr_< 1, E >
+
+      : public fun_expr_<E>,
+	public open_nary_fun_<1, E>
+    {
+    public:
+
+      template <typename A>
+      xtd_res_1(E, A)
+	impl_calc(const A& a) const
+      {
+	return this->eval(mk_args(a));
+      }
+
+      // no bind_i method here
+
+    protected:
+      fun_nary_expr_() {}
+    };
+
+
+
+    /*! \class xtd::abstract::fun_nary_expr_<2, E>
+    **
+    ** Abstract base class for function expressions taking two
+    ** arguments.
+    **
+    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
+    */
+
+    template <typename E>
+    class fun_nary_expr_< 2, E >
+
+      : public fun_expr_<E>,
+	public open_nary_fun_<2, E>
+    {
+    public:
+
+      template <typename A1, typename A2>
+      xtd_res_2(E, A1, A2)
+	impl_calc(const A1& a1, const A2& a2) const
+      {
+	return this->eval(mk_args(a1, a2));
+      }
+
+      template <typename T>
+      m2expr_< E, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<2> >
+      bind_1(const T& value) const;
+
+      template <typename T>
+      m2expr_< E, arg_<1>, literal_expr_<T> >
+      bind_2(const T& value) const;
+
+    protected:
+      fun_nary_expr_() {}
+    };
+
+
+
+    /*! \class xtd::abstract::fun_nary_expr_<3, E>
+    **
+    ** Abstract base class for function expressions taking three
+    ** arguments.
+    **
+    ** Parameter E is the exact type of the function.
+    */
+
+    template <typename E>
+    class fun_nary_expr_< 3, E >
+
+      : public fun_expr_<E>,
+	public open_nary_fun_<3, E>
+    {
+    public:
+
+      template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3>
+      xtd_res_3(E, A1, A2, A3)
+	impl_calc(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3) const
+      {
+	return this->eval(mk_args(a1, a2, a3));
+      }
+
+      template <typename T>
+      m3expr_< E, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<2>, arg_<3> >
+      bind_1(const T& value) const;
+
+      template <typename T>
+      m3expr_< E, arg_<1>, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<3> >
+      bind_2(const T& value) const;
+
+      template <typename T>
+      m3expr_< E, arg_<1>, arg_<2>, literal_expr_<T> >
+      bind_3(const T& value) const;
+
+    protected:
+      fun_nary_expr_() {}
+    };
+
+
+  } // end of namespace xtd::abstract
+
+
+} // end of namespace xtd
+
+
+# include <xtd/bind.hh>
+
+
+#endif // ! EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_FUN_NARY_EXPR_HH
Index: xtd/mfun.hh
--- xtd/mfun.hh	(revision 441)
+++ xtd/mfun.hh	(working copy)
@@ -28,12 +28,8 @@
 #ifndef EXTENDED_MFUN_HH
 # define EXTENDED_MFUN_HH
 
-# include <mlc/assert.hh>
-# include <mlc/logic.hh>
-# include <mlc/is_a.hh>
-
 # include <xtd/abstract/plain_fun.hh>
-# include <xtd/abstract/meta_fun.hh>
+# include <xtd/abstract/meta_nary_fun.hh>
 
 
 
Index: xtd/TODO
--- xtd/TODO	(revision 0)
+++ xtd/TODO	(revision 0)
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+		-*- outline -*-
+
+* files
+
+xtd/res.hh -> xtd/internal/res.hh ?
Index: xtd/arg.hh
--- xtd/arg.hh	(revision 441)
+++ xtd/arg.hh	(working copy)
@@ -28,12 +28,7 @@
 #ifndef EXTENDED_ARG_HH
 # define EXTENDED_ARG_HH
 
-# include <mlc/assert.hh>
-# include <mlc/is_a.hh>
-
-# include <xtd/args.hh>
-# include <xtd/mexpr.hh>
-
+# include <xtd/abstract/fun_nary_expr.hh>
 
 
 namespace xtd
@@ -122,7 +117,7 @@
   template <unsigned i>
   struct arg_
 
-    : public abstract::nary_fun_expr_< i, arg_<i> >,
+    : public abstract::fun_nary_expr_< i, arg_<i> >,
 
       public internal::impl_arg_<i>
 
Index: xtd/bind.hh
--- xtd/bind.hh	(revision 0)
+++ xtd/bind.hh	(revision 0)
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2002, 2005, 2006  EPITA Research and Development Laboratory
+//
+// This file is part of the Olena Library.  This library is free
+// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
+// of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by the
+// Free Software Foundation.
+//
+// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+// General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with this library; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to
+// the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston,
+// MA 02111-1307, USA.
+//
+// As a special exception, you may use this file as part of a free
+// software library without restriction.  Specifically, if other files
+// instantiate templates or use macros or inline functions from this
+// file, or you compile this file and link it with other files to
+// produce an executable, this file does not by itself cause the
+// resulting executable to be covered by the GNU General Public
+// License.  This exception does not however invalidate any other
+// reasons why the executable file might be covered by the GNU General
+// Public License.
+
+#ifndef EXTENDED_BIND_HH
+# define EXTENDED_BIND_HH
+
+# include <xtd/abstract/fun_nary_expr.hh>
+# include <xtd/literal.hh>
+# include <xtd/mexpr.hh>
+# include <xtd/arg.hh>
+
+
+namespace xtd
+{
+
+
+  namespace abstract
+  {
+
+    // fun_nary_expr_< 2, E >::bind_i
+
+    template <typename E>
+    template <typename T>
+    m2expr_< E, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<2> >
+    fun_nary_expr_< 2, E >::bind_1(const T& value) const
+    {
+      typedef m2expr_< E, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<2> > ret;
+      ret tmp(this->exact(), lit(value), arg_<2>());
+      return tmp;
+    }
+
+    template <typename E>
+    template <typename T>
+    m2expr_< E, arg_<1>, literal_expr_<T> >
+    fun_nary_expr_< 2, E >::bind_2(const T& value) const
+    {
+      typedef m2expr_< E, arg_<1>, literal_expr_<T> > ret;
+      ret tmp(this->exact(), arg_<1>(), lit(value));
+      return tmp;
+    }
+
+
+    // fun_nary_expr_< 3, E >::bind_i
+
+    template <typename E>
+    template <typename T>
+    m3expr_< E, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<2>, arg_<3> >
+    fun_nary_expr_< 3, E >::bind_1(const T& value) const
+    {
+      typedef m3expr_< E, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<2>, arg_<3> > ret;
+      ret tmp(this->exact(), lit(value), arg_<2>(), arg_<3>());
+      return tmp;
+    }
+
+    template <typename E>
+    template <typename T>
+    m3expr_< E, arg_<1>, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<3> >
+    fun_nary_expr_< 3, E >::bind_2(const T& value) const
+    {
+      typedef m3expr_< E, arg_<1>, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<3> > ret;
+      ret tmp(this->exact(), arg_<1>(), lit(value), arg_<3>());
+      return tmp;
+    }
+
+    template <typename E>
+    template <typename T>
+    m3expr_< E, arg_<1>, arg_<2>, literal_expr_<T> >
+    fun_nary_expr_< 3, E >::bind_3(const T& value) const
+    {
+      typedef m3expr_< E, arg_<1>, arg_<2>, literal_expr_<T> > ret;
+      ret tmp(this->exact(), arg_<1>(), arg_<2>(), lit(value));
+      return tmp;
+    }
+
+  } // end of namespace xtd::abstract
+
+} // end of namespace xtd
+
+
+
+#endif // ! EXTENDED_BIND_HH
Index: xtd/internal/mlc.hh
--- xtd/internal/mlc.hh	(revision 0)
+++ xtd/internal/mlc.hh	(revision 0)
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2002, 2005, 2006  EPITA Research and Development Laboratory
+//
+// This file is part of the Olena Library.  This library is free
+// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
+// of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by the
+// Free Software Foundation.
+//
+// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+// General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with this library; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to
+// the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston,
+// MA 02111-1307, USA.
+//
+// As a special exception, you may use this file as part of a free
+// software library without restriction.  Specifically, if other files
+// instantiate templates or use macros or inline functions from this
+// file, or you compile this file and link it with other files to
+// produce an executable, this file does not by itself cause the
+// resulting executable to be covered by the GNU General Public
+// License.  This exception does not however invalidate any other
+// reasons why the executable file might be covered by the GNU General
+// Public License.
+
+#ifndef EXTENDED_INTERNAL_MLC_HH
+# define EXTENDED_INTERNAL_MLC_HH
+
+# include <mlc/flags.hh>
+# include <mlc/comma.hh>
+
+# include <mlc/typedef.hh>
+# include <mlc/ret.hh>
+
+# include <mlc/assert.hh>
+# include <mlc/is_a.hh>
+# include <mlc/logic.hh>
+# include <mlc/cmp.hh>
+# include <mlc/if.hh>
+
+# include <mlc/pair.hh>
+# include <mlc/valist.hh>
+
+
+
+
+# include <mlc/case.hh>
+
+mlc_case_equipment_for_namespace(xtd);
+
+
+#endif // ! EXTENDED_INTERNAL_MLC_HH
Index: tests/id.cc
--- tests/id.cc	(revision 441)
+++ tests/id.cc	(working copy)
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #include <iostream>
 
-
 #include <xtd/math/id.hh>
 
 
Index: tests/bind.cc
--- tests/bind.cc	(revision 441)
+++ tests/bind.cc	(working copy)
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
 
   (_1 + _2)(_1, lit(1.f));
 
-  (_1 + _2).bind_2(1.f);
+  ;
 
-  std::cout << (_1 + _2)(5., 1.) << std::endl;
+  std::cout << (_1 + _2) .bind_2(2.6f) (2.5f) << std::endl;
 
 //   std::cout << (_1 + _2)(_1, 1.)(5.) << std::endl;
 
Index: tests/lit.cc
--- tests/lit.cc	(revision 441)
+++ tests/lit.cc	(working copy)
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include <iostream>
+
 #include <xtd/literal.hh>
 
 
                    
                  
                  
                          
                            
                            1
                            
                          
                          
                            
                            0
                            
                          
                          
                            
    
                          
                        
                    24 Mar '06
                    
                        Nicolas Widynski wrote:
> https://svn/svn/oln/prototypes/proto-1.0
> 
> Index: ChangeLog
> from  Nicolas Widynski  <nicolas.widynski(a)lrde.epita.fr>
> 
> 	Add GPL License to trunk.
> 
> 	* COPYING: New. GNU Free Documentation License.
> 
Nice...
                    
                  
                  
                          
                            
                            4
                            
                          
                          
                            
                            3
                            
                          
                          
                            
    
                          
                        
                    
                    
                        https://svn.lrde.epita.fr/svn/oln/prototypes/proto-1.0
Please wrap lines longer than 80 columns whenever possible!  TIA.
Index: ChangeLog
from  Roland Levillain  <roland(a)lrde.epita.fr>
	* olena/ChangeLog: Clean up.
 ChangeLog |   73 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------
 1 file changed, 43 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)
Index: olena/ChangeLog
--- olena/ChangeLog	(revision 440)
+++ olena/ChangeLog	(working copy)
@@ -1,9 +1,15 @@
+2005-08-29  Roland Levillain  <roland(a)lrde.epita.fr>
+
+	* oln/morpho/shortest_path_watershed.hh
+	(shortest_path_watershed_): Fix comment.
+
 2006-03-09  Nicolas Widynski  <nicolas.widynski(a)lrde.epita.fr>
 
-	Watersnakes : add reconstruction by erosion with tarjan union-find.
+	Watersnakes: add reconstruction by erosion with Tarjan's
+	union-find.
 
-	* oln/morpho/watersnakes.hh: Add reconstruction by erosion with tarjan
-		                     union-find (quicker).
+	* oln/morpho/watersnakes.hh: Add reconstruction by erosion with
+	Tarjan's union-find (quicker).
 
 2006-03-09  Nicolas Widynski  <nicolas.widynski(a)lrde.epita.fr>
 
@@ -25,33 +31,36 @@
 	Implementation of Image Inpainting algorithm in Olena 0.10.
 
 	* oln/convolution/laplacian_olena_0_10.hh: New. Laplacian 2d.
-	* oln/level/anisotropic_diffusion_olena_0_10.hh: New. Anisotropic diffusion
-							from Perona Malik.
-	* oln/morpho/gradient_morpho_olena_0_10.hh: New. Morphological gradient.
-	* oln/appli/inpainting/image_inpainting_olena_0_10.hh: New. Image inpainting
-							algorithm from Bertalmio.
+	* oln/level/anisotropic_diffusion_olena_0_10.hh: New. Anisotropic
+	diffusion from Perona Malik.
+	* oln/morpho/gradient_morpho_olena_0_10.hh: New. Morphological
+	gradient.
+	* oln/appli/inpainting/image_inpainting_olena_0_10.hh: New. Image
+	inpainting algorithm from Bertalmio.
 
 2006-02-15  Nicolas Widynski  <nicolas.widynski(a)lrde.epita.fr>
 
 	Implementation of image inpainting algorithm in Olena 0.10.
 
 	* oln/convolution/laplacian_olena_0_10.hh: New. Laplacian 2d.
-	* oln/level/anisotropic_diffusion_olena_0_10.hh: New. Anisotropic diffusion
-		                                          from Perona Malik.
-	* oln/morpho/gradient_morpho_olena_0_10.hh: New. Morphological gradiant.
-	* oln/appli/inpainting/image_inpainting_olena_0_10.hh: New. Image inpainting
-		                                                 from Bertalmio.
+	* oln/level/anisotropic_diffusion_olena_0_10.hh: New. Anisotropic
+	diffusion from Perona Malik.
+	* oln/morpho/gradient_morpho_olena_0_10.hh: New. Morphological
+	gradiant.
+	* oln/appli/inpainting/image_inpainting_olena_0_10.hh: New. Image
+	inpainting from Bertalmio.
 
 2006-02-15  Nicolas Widynski  <nicolas.widynski(a)lrde.epita.fr>
 
 	Implementation of image inpainting algorithm in Olena 0.10.
 
 	* oln/convolution/laplacian_olena_0_10.hh: New. Laplacian 2d.
-	* oln/level/anisotropic_diffusion_olena_0_10.hh: New. Anisotropic diffusion
-	                                          from Perona Malik.
-	* oln/morpho/gradient_morpho_olena_0_10.hh: New. Morphological gradiant.
-	* oln/appli/inpainting/image_inpainting_olena_0_10.hh: New. Image inpainting
-	                                                 from Bertalmio.
+	* oln/level/anisotropic_diffusion_olena_0_10.hh: New. Anisotropic
+	diffusion from Perona Malik.
+	* oln/morpho/gradient_morpho_olena_0_10.hh: New. Morphological
+	gradiant.
+	* oln/appli/inpainting/image_inpainting_olena_0_10.hh: New. Image
+	inpainting from Bertalmio.
 
 2006-02-13  Nicolas Widynski  <nicolas.widynski(a)lrde.epita.fr>
 
@@ -62,7 +71,8 @@
 
 2006-02-12  Nicolas Widynski  <nicolas.widynski(a)lrde.epita.fr>
 
-	Util function : set outsides boundaries at the same value of image boundaries.
+	Util function : set outsides boundaries at the same value of image
+	boundaries.
 
 	* oln/utils/clean_boundaries.hh: New. To clean image boundaries.
 
@@ -70,7 +80,8 @@
 
 	Add Image Inpainting algorithm.
 
-	* oln/appli/inpainting/image_inpainting.hh: New. Based on Bertalmio algorithm.
+	* oln/appli/inpainting/image_inpainting.hh: New. Based on
+	Bertalmio algorithm.
 
 2006-02-10  Nicolas Widynski  <nicolas.widynski(a)lrde.epita.fr>
 
@@ -82,7 +93,8 @@
 
 	Add anisotropic diffusion.
 
-	* oln/level/anisotropic_diffusion.hh: New. Anisotropic diffusion algorithm.
+	* oln/level/anisotropic_diffusion.hh: New. Anisotropic diffusion
+	algorithm.
 	* oln/makefile.src: Add anisotropic_diffusion.hh to the makefile.
 
 2006-02-09  Nicolas Widynski  <nicolas.widynski(a)lrde.epita.fr>
@@ -106,12 +118,13 @@
 
 	Update laplacian convolution.
 
-	* oln/convolution/laplacian.hh: Update laplacian convolution for first and
-					second derivatives.
+	* oln/convolution/laplacian.hh: Update laplacian convolution for
+	first and second derivatives.
 
 2005-10-11  Damien Thivolle  <damien(a)lrde.epita.fr>
 
-	Add grey level self-dual reconstruction and clean reconstruction classes.
+	Add grey level self-dual reconstruction and clean reconstruction
+	classes.
 
 	* tests/morpho/tests/reconstruction: Remove. Split into two files
 	(binary and grey level).
@@ -133,16 +146,16 @@
 
 	* tests/morpho/tests/reconstruction: Now use builtin types.
 	* oln/funobj/invert.hh: Add bool and unsigned char inversion.
-	* oln/core/abstract/image_typeness.hh: Add rules (unsigned char, char and
-	ntg::real_value) for greylevel_image.
+	* oln/core/abstract/image_typeness.hh: Add rules (unsigned char,
+	char and ntg::real_value) for greylevel_image.
 	* oln/morpho/reconstruction.hh: Now support grey level images.
 	* oln/morpho/local.hh: Add new functions for handling neighborhood.
-	* oln/morpho/reconstruction_by_dilation.hh: Add grey level specialization
-	and use new functions from local.hh.
+	* oln/morpho/reconstruction_by_dilation.hh: Add grey level
+	specialization and use new functions from local.hh.
 	* oln/morpho/reconstruction_selfdual.hh: Likewise.
 	* oln/morpho/reconstruction_by_erosion.hh: Likewise.
-	* oln/canvas/reconstruction.hh: Now use mlc::is_a to check if the input
-	images have a neighborhood. A bit of cleaning.
+	* oln/canvas/reconstruction.hh: Now use mlc::is_a to check if the
+	input images have a neighborhood. A bit of cleaning.
 
 2005-09-14  Thierry GERAUD  <theo(a)lrde.epita.fr>
 
                    
                  
                  
                          
                            
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                    24 Mar '06
                    
                        
https://svn.lrde.epita.fr/svn/oln/trunk/extended
Index: ChangeLog
from  Thierry Geraud  <theo(a)lrde.epita.fr>
	Add material for literals, binding arguments, and static checks.
	* xtd/res.hh (xtd_res_0_ et al.): New; versions without typename.
	(xtd_internal_res_0, internal::get_res_0_unchecked): New; this
	equipment is for use in hierarchies to avoid partial definitions.
	* xtd/mexpr.hh: Add static assertions.
	* xtd/literal.hh (literal_): Rename as...
	(plain_literal_): ...this.
	(meta_literal_): New class.
	(literal_expr_): Add static assertions.
	(lit): New routine.
	(bind_1, bind_2, bind_3): New; method implementation for
	nary_fun_expr_<n, E>::bind_i. 
	* xtd/arg.hh (xtd_nargs): Remove this duplicate.
	* xtd/args.hh (xtd_nargs, nargs_): Move to...
	* xtd/abstract/fun_expr.hh: ...this file.
	(fun_expr_<E>::nargs): Remove; xtd_nargs does it.
	(xtd_res_0): Replace by...
	(xtd_internal_res_0): ...this.
	(bind_1, bind_2, bind_3): New methods.
	* xtd/abstract/exact.hh: Remove; the routine exact_of has moved...
	* xtd/abstract/fun.hh: ...here.
	* xtd/abstract/plain_fun.hh (operator()): Add static check.
	* xtd/abstract/meta_fun.hh: Add static checks.
	* tests/id.cc: Add xfail tests.
	* tests/bind.cc: New.
	* tests/lit.cc: New.
	* tests/Makefile.am: Update.
 tests/Makefile.am         |    6 +
 tests/bind.cc             |   25 ++++++++
 tests/id.cc               |    4 -
 tests/lit.cc              |   25 ++++++++
 xtd/abstract/fun.hh       |   17 +++++
 xtd/abstract/fun_expr.hh  |  116 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 xtd/abstract/meta_fun.hh  |   86 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 xtd/abstract/plain_fun.hh |   28 ++++++++-
 xtd/arg.hh                |    6 -
 xtd/args.hh               |   31 ++--------
 xtd/literal.hh            |  141 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 xtd/mexpr.hh              |  109 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 xtd/res.hh                |   21 ++++++
 13 files changed, 552 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-)
Index: xtd/res.hh
--- xtd/res.hh	(revision 439)
+++ xtd/res.hh	(working copy)
@@ -82,11 +82,25 @@
 // macros
 
 # define xtd_res_0(F)                 typename xtd::internal::get_res_<F>::ret
+# define xtd_res_0_(F)                         xtd::internal::get_res_<F>::ret
+
 # define xtd_res_1(F, A1)             typename xtd::internal::get_res_<F, A1>::ret
+# define xtd_res_1_(F, A1)                     xtd::internal::get_res_<F, A1>::ret
+
 # define xtd_res_2(F, A1, A2)         typename xtd::internal::get_res_<F, A1, A2>::ret
+# define xtd_res_2_(F, A1, A2)                 xtd::internal::get_res_<F, A1, A2>::ret
+
 # define xtd_res_3(F, A1, A2, A3)     typename xtd::internal::get_res_<F, A1, A2, A3>::ret
+# define xtd_res_3_(F, A1, A2, A3)             xtd::internal::get_res_<F, A1, A2, A3>::ret
 
 # define xtd_expr_res(F, Args)        typename xtd::internal::get_expr_res_<F, Args>::ret
+# define xtd_expr_res_(F, Args)                xtd::internal::get_expr_res_<F, Args>::ret
+
+
+
+// internal so do not use it; prefer xtd_res_0(F)
+# define xtd_internal_res_0(F) typename xtd::internal::get_res_0_unchecked<F>::ret
+
 
 
 namespace xtd
@@ -198,6 +212,13 @@
     };
 
 
+    template <typename F>
+    struct get_res_0_unchecked
+    {
+      typedef mlc_ret(xtd::res_<F>) ret;
+    };
+
+
     // a single arg
 
     template <typename F, typename A1>
Index: xtd/mexpr.hh
--- xtd/mexpr.hh	(revision 439)
+++ xtd/mexpr.hh	(working copy)
@@ -30,12 +30,14 @@
 
 # include <mlc/case.hh>
 # include <mlc/assert.hh>
+# include <mlc/logic.hh>
 # include <mlc/is_a.hh>
 
-# include <xtd/args.hh>
-# include <xtd/res.hh>
 # include <xtd/abstract/nary_fun.hh>
 # include <xtd/abstract/fun_expr.hh>
+# include <xtd/args.hh>
+# include <xtd/res.hh>
+# include <xtd/literal.hh>
 
 
 
@@ -47,6 +49,13 @@
   namespace ERROR
   {
 
+    struct MIXED_ARGUMENTS_IN_CALLING_A_BINARY_META_FUNCTION__EXPR_VALUE;
+    struct MIXED_ARGUMENTS_IN_CALLING_A_BINARY_META_FUNCTION__VALUE_EXPR;
+
+    struct MIXED_ARGUMENTS_IN_CALLING_A_TERNARY_META_FUNCTION__EXPR1;
+    struct MIXED_ARGUMENTS_IN_CALLING_A_TERNARY_META_FUNCTION__EXPR2;
+    struct MIXED_ARGUMENTS_IN_CALLING_A_TERNARY_META_FUNCTION__EXPR3;
+
     struct FIXME;
 
   } // end of namespace xtd::ERROR
@@ -86,7 +95,13 @@
   template <typename F>
   struct m0expr_
 
-    : public abstract::nary_fun_expr_< 0, m0expr_<F> >
+    : private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, abstract::nary_fun_<0>),
+			    ERROR::FIXME >,
+
+      private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, abstract::meta_fun_),
+			    ERROR::FIXME >,
+
+      public abstract::nary_fun_expr_< 0, m0expr_<F> >
   {
     const F f;
 
@@ -120,6 +135,9 @@
   template <typename F,
 	    typename Expr>
   struct nargs_< m1expr_<F, Expr> >
+
+    : private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(Expr, abstract::fun_expr_),
+			    xtd::ERROR::FIXME >
   {
     static const unsigned ret = xtd_nargs(Expr);
   };
@@ -141,7 +159,16 @@
 	    typename Expr>
   struct m1expr_
 
-    : public abstract::nary_fun_expr_< xtd_nargs(Expr),
+    : private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, abstract::nary_fun_<1>),
+			    ERROR::FIXME >,
+
+      private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, abstract::meta_fun_),
+			    ERROR::FIXME >,
+
+      private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(Expr, abstract::fun_expr_),
+			    xtd::ERROR::FIXME >,
+
+      public abstract::nary_fun_expr_< xtd_nargs(Expr),
 				       m1expr_<F, Expr> >
   {
     typedef m1expr_<F, Expr> self;
@@ -159,7 +186,7 @@
       expr(exact_of(expr))
     {}
 
-    m1expr_(const F& f,
+    m1expr_(const F& f, // FIXME: constraint?
 	    const abstract::fun_expr_<Expr>& expr) :
       f(f),
       expr(exact_of(expr))
@@ -189,6 +216,10 @@
   template <typename F,
 	    typename Expr1, typename Expr2>
   struct nargs_< m2expr_<F, Expr1, Expr2> >
+
+    : private mlc::assert_< mlc::and_< mlc_is_a(Expr1, abstract::fun_expr_),
+				       mlc_is_a(Expr2, abstract::fun_expr_) >,
+			    xtd::ERROR::FIXME >
   {
     static const unsigned ret = n_max< xtd_nargs(Expr1),
 				       xtd_nargs(Expr2) >::ret;
@@ -212,7 +243,17 @@
 	    typename Expr1, typename Expr2>
   struct m2expr_
 
-    : public abstract::nary_fun_expr_< xtd_nargs(mlc_comma_2(m2expr_<F, Expr1, Expr2>)),
+    : private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, abstract::nary_fun_<2>),
+			    ERROR::FIXME >,
+
+      private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, abstract::meta_fun_),
+			    ERROR::FIXME >,
+
+      private mlc::assert_< mlc::and_< mlc_is_a(Expr1, abstract::fun_expr_),
+				       mlc_is_a(Expr2, abstract::fun_expr_) >,
+			    xtd::ERROR::FIXME >,
+
+      public abstract::nary_fun_expr_< xtd_nargs(mlc_comma_2(m2expr_<F, Expr1, Expr2>)),
 				       m2expr_<F, Expr1, Expr2> >
   {
     typedef m2expr_<F, Expr1, Expr2> self;
@@ -264,6 +305,11 @@
   template <typename F,
 	    typename Expr1, typename Expr2, typename Expr3>
   struct nargs_< m3expr_<F, Expr1, Expr2, Expr3> >
+
+    : private mlc::assert_< mlc::and_list_< mlc_is_a(Expr1, abstract::fun_expr_),
+					    mlc_is_a(Expr2, abstract::fun_expr_),
+					    mlc_is_a(Expr3, abstract::fun_expr_) >,
+			    xtd::ERROR::FIXME >
   {
     static const unsigned ret = n_max< xtd_nargs(Expr1),
 				       n_max< xtd_nargs(Expr2),
@@ -289,7 +335,18 @@
 	    typename Expr1, typename Expr2, typename Expr3>
   struct m3expr_
 
-    : public abstract::nary_fun_expr_< xtd_nargs(mlc_comma_3(m3expr_<F, Expr1, Expr2, Expr3>)),
+    : private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, abstract::nary_fun_<3>),
+			    ERROR::FIXME >,
+
+      private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, abstract::meta_fun_),
+			    ERROR::FIXME >,
+
+      private mlc::assert_< mlc::and_list_< mlc_is_a(Expr1, abstract::fun_expr_),
+					    mlc_is_a(Expr2, abstract::fun_expr_),
+					    mlc_is_a(Expr3, abstract::fun_expr_) >,
+			    xtd::ERROR::FIXME >,
+
+      public abstract::nary_fun_expr_< xtd_nargs(mlc_comma_3(m3expr_<F, Expr1, Expr2, Expr3>)),
 				       m3expr_<F, Expr1, Expr2, Expr3> >
   {
     typedef m3expr_<F, Expr1, Expr2, Expr3> self;
@@ -358,15 +415,25 @@
   };
 
 
+
   //   meta_nary_fun_<2, F>::operator()(const fun_expr_<Expr1>& expr1,
   // 				        const fun_expr_<Expr2>& expr2) const
 
+
   template <typename F, typename Expr1, typename Expr2>
   struct case_< tag::meta_2ary_fun_operator,
 		mlc::valist_<F, Expr1, Expr2>,
 		1 >
-    : public mlc::where_< mlc::and_< mlc_is_a(Expr1, abstract::fun_expr_),
-				     mlc_is_a(Expr2, abstract::fun_expr_) > >
+    : public mlc::where_< mlc::or_< mlc_is_a(Expr1, abstract::fun_expr_),
+				    mlc_is_a(Expr2, abstract::fun_expr_) > >,
+
+      private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc_is_a(Expr1, abstract::fun_expr_),
+					   mlc_is_a(Expr2, abstract::fun_expr_) >,
+			    xtd::ERROR::MIXED_ARGUMENTS_IN_CALLING_A_BINARY_META_FUNCTION__EXPR_VALUE >,
+
+      private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc_is_a(Expr2, abstract::fun_expr_),
+					   mlc_is_a(Expr1, abstract::fun_expr_) >,
+			    xtd::ERROR::MIXED_ARGUMENTS_IN_CALLING_A_BINARY_META_FUNCTION__VALUE_EXPR >
   {
     typedef m2expr_<F, Expr1, Expr2> res;
 
@@ -377,9 +444,11 @@
       res tmp(exact_of(*this_), expr1, expr2);
       return tmp;
     }
+
   };
 
 
+
   //   meta_nary_fun_<3, F>::operator()(const fun_expr_<Expr1>& expr1,
   // 				        const fun_expr_<Expr2>& expr2,
   // 				        const fun_expr_<Expr3>& expr3) const
@@ -388,9 +457,27 @@
   struct case_< tag::meta_3ary_fun_operator,
 		mlc::valist_<F, Expr1, Expr2, Expr3>,
 		1 >
-    : public mlc::where_< mlc::and_< mlc_is_a(Expr1, abstract::fun_expr_),
+    : public mlc::where_< mlc::or_list_< mlc_is_a(Expr1, abstract::fun_expr_),
+					 mlc_is_a(Expr2, abstract::fun_expr_),
+					 mlc_is_a(Expr3, abstract::fun_expr_) > >,
+
+      // FIXME: try to get more precise error detections below...
+
+      private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc_is_a(Expr1, abstract::fun_expr_),
 			  mlc::and_< mlc_is_a(Expr2, abstract::fun_expr_),
-				     mlc_is_a(Expr3, abstract::fun_expr_) > > >
+						      mlc_is_a(Expr3, abstract::fun_expr_) > >,
+			    xtd::ERROR::MIXED_ARGUMENTS_IN_CALLING_A_TERNARY_META_FUNCTION__EXPR1 >,
+
+      private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc_is_a(Expr2, abstract::fun_expr_),
+					   mlc::and_< mlc_is_a(Expr1, abstract::fun_expr_),
+						      mlc_is_a(Expr3, abstract::fun_expr_) > >,
+			    xtd::ERROR::MIXED_ARGUMENTS_IN_CALLING_A_TERNARY_META_FUNCTION__EXPR2 >,
+
+      private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc_is_a(Expr3, abstract::fun_expr_),
+					   mlc::and_< mlc_is_a(Expr1, abstract::fun_expr_),
+						      mlc_is_a(Expr2, abstract::fun_expr_) > >,
+			    xtd::ERROR::MIXED_ARGUMENTS_IN_CALLING_A_TERNARY_META_FUNCTION__EXPR3 >
+
   {
     typedef m3expr_<F, Expr1, Expr2, Expr3> res;
 
Index: xtd/literal.hh
--- xtd/literal.hh	(revision 439)
+++ xtd/literal.hh	(working copy)
@@ -28,32 +28,45 @@
 #ifndef EXTENDED_LITERAL_HH
 # define EXTENDED_LITERAL_HH
 
+# include <mlc/assert.hh>
+# include <mlc/is_a.hh>
+
 # include <xtd/abstract/plain_fun.hh>
+# include <xtd/abstract/meta_fun.hh>
+# include <xtd/abstract/fun_expr.hh>
 
 
 
 namespace xtd
 {
 
-  /*! \class xtd::literal_<T>
+  namespace ERROR
+  {
+    struct FIXME;
+
+  } // end of namespace xtd::ERROR
+
+
+
+  /*! \class xtd::plain_literal_<T>
   **
   ** FIXME: doc
   */
 
-  template <typename T> struct literal_; // fwd decl
+  template <typename T> struct plain_literal_; // fwd decl
 
   template <typename T>
-  struct fun_traits_< literal_<T> >
+  struct fun_traits_< plain_literal_<T> >
   {
     typedef T res_type;
   };
   
   template <typename T>
-  struct literal_ : public abstract::plain_nary_fun_< 0, literal_<T> >
+  struct plain_literal_ : public abstract::plain_nary_fun_< 0, plain_literal_<T> >
   {
     const T value;
 
-    literal_(const T& value)
+    plain_literal_(const T& value)
       : value(value)
     {} 
 
@@ -65,6 +78,39 @@
 
 
 
+  // equipment for xtd::meta_literal_<T>
+
+  template <typename T> struct meta_literal_; // fwd decl
+
+  template <typename T>
+  struct res_< meta_literal_<T> >
+  {
+    typedef T ret;
+  };
+
+
+  /*! \class xtd::meta_literal_<T>
+  **
+  ** FIXME: doc
+  */
+
+  template <typename T>
+  struct meta_literal_ : public abstract::meta_nary_fun_< 0, meta_literal_<T> >
+  {
+    const T value;
+
+    meta_literal_(const T& value)
+      : value(value)
+    {} 
+
+    T impl_calc() const
+    {
+      return this->value;
+    }
+  };
+
+
+
   // literal as fun expression
   // FIXME: this should be the only version (?)
   // FIXME: we should remove the plain version (?)
@@ -90,7 +136,10 @@
   template <typename T>
   struct literal_expr_
 
-    : public abstract::nary_fun_expr_< 0, literal_expr_<T> >
+    : private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(T, abstract::fun_),
+			    xtd::ERROR::FIXME >,
+
+      public abstract::nary_fun_expr_< 0, literal_expr_<T> >
   {
     const T value;
 
@@ -106,6 +155,86 @@
   };
 
 
+  // FIXME: doc
+
+  template <typename T>
+  literal_expr_<T> lit(const T& value)
+  {
+    literal_expr_<T> tmp(value);
+    return tmp;
+  }
+
+
+} // end of namespace xtd
+
+
+# include <xtd/mexpr.hh>
+# include <xtd/arg.hh>
+
+
+namespace xtd
+{
+
+  namespace abstract
+  {
+
+    // nary_fun_expr_< 2, E >::bind_i
+
+    template <typename E>
+    template <typename T>
+    m2expr_< E, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<2> >
+    nary_fun_expr_< 2, E >::bind_1(const T& value) const
+    {
+      typedef m2expr_< E, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<2> > ret;
+      ret tmp(exact_of(this), lit(value), arg_<2>());
+      return tmp;
+    }
+
+    template <typename E>
+    template <typename T>
+    m2expr_< E, arg_<1>, literal_expr_<T> >
+    nary_fun_expr_< 2, E >::bind_2(const T& value) const
+    {
+      typedef m2expr_< E, arg_<1>, literal_expr_<T> > ret;
+      ret tmp(exact_of(this), arg_<1>(), lit(value));
+      return tmp;
+    }
+
+
+    // nary_fun_expr_< 3, E >::bind_i
+
+    template <typename E>
+    template <typename T>
+    m3expr_< E, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<2>, arg_<3> >
+    nary_fun_expr_< 3, E >::bind_1(const T& value) const
+    {
+      typedef m3expr_< E, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<2>, arg_<3> > ret;
+      ret tmp(exact_of(this), lit(value), arg_<2>(), arg_<3>());
+      return tmp;
+    }
+
+    template <typename E>
+    template <typename T>
+    m3expr_< E, arg_<1>, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<3> >
+    nary_fun_expr_< 3, E >::bind_2(const T& value) const
+    {
+      typedef m3expr_< E, arg_<1>, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<3> > ret;
+      ret tmp(exact_of(this), arg_<1>(), lit(value), arg_<3>());
+      return tmp;
+    }
+
+    template <typename E>
+    template <typename T>
+    m3expr_< E, arg_<1>, arg_<2>, literal_expr_<T> >
+    nary_fun_expr_< 3, E >::bind_3(const T& value) const
+    {
+      typedef m3expr_< E, arg_<1>, arg_<2>, literal_expr_<T> > ret;
+      ret tmp(exact_of(this), arg_<1>(), arg_<2>(), lit(value));
+      return tmp;
+    }
+
+  } // end of namespace xtd::abstract
+
 } // end of namespace xtd
 
 
Index: xtd/args.hh
--- xtd/args.hh	(revision 439)
+++ xtd/args.hh	(working copy)
@@ -29,23 +29,22 @@
 # define EXTENDED_ARGS_HH
 
 # include <mlc/flags.hh>
-
-
-
-// FIXME: doc
-// FIXME: this code should be rewritten to check that 
-// FIXME: xtd::nargs_<F>::ret is properly defined; see for
-// FIXME: instance, the code of xtd_res or xtd_arg1...
-
-# define xtd_nargs(F) xtd::nargs_<F>::ret
+# include <mlc/assert.hh>
+# include <mlc/is_a.hh>
 
 
 
 namespace xtd
 {
 
+
   namespace abstract
   {
+
+    // fwd decl
+    template <typename E> struct fun_expr_;
+
+
     /*! \class xtd::abstract::args
     **
     ** FIXME: Abstract base class for args_<..>
@@ -61,20 +60,6 @@
 
 
 
-
-  /*! \class xtd::nargs_<F>
-  **
-  ** FIXME: doc
-  ** FIXME: and add a mechanism so that the type of F is checked
-  ** FIXME: Cf. get_res0_ in xtd/abstract/meta_fun.hh 
-  */
-
-  template <typename F>
-  struct nargs_;
-
-
-
-
   /*! \class xtd::args_<A1, ..>
   **
   ** FIXME: to pack arguments
Index: xtd/abstract/fun_expr.hh
--- xtd/abstract/fun_expr.hh	(revision 439)
+++ xtd/abstract/fun_expr.hh	(working copy)
@@ -28,17 +28,23 @@
 #ifndef EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_FUN_EXPR_HH
 # define EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_FUN_EXPR_HH
 
+# include <mlc/flags.hh>
 # include <mlc/bool.hh>
 # include <mlc/is_a.hh>
 # include <mlc/comma.hh>
 
 # include <xtd/args.hh>
 # include <xtd/res.hh>
-# include <xtd/abstract/exact.hh>
 # include <xtd/abstract/meta_fun.hh>
 
 
 
+// FIXME: doc
+
+# define xtd_nargs(F) xtd::internal::get_nargs_<F>::ret
+
+
+
 
 namespace xtd
 {
@@ -47,13 +53,74 @@
   {
 
     struct INTERNAL_ILL_FORMED_CALL_TO_xtd_fun_expr_eval;
+    struct SPECIALIZATION_OF_xtd_nargs_IS_FOR_xtd_fun_expr_ONLY;
+    struct SPECIALIZATION_OF_xtd_nargs_NOT_FOUND_FOR_AN_xtd_fun_expr;
 
   } // end of namespace xtd::ERROR
 
 
 
+
+  /// Forward declarations.
+  /// \{
+
   namespace abstract
   {
+    template <typename E> class fun_expr_;
+  }
+
+  template <typename F, typename Expr1, typename Expr2>
+  struct m2expr_;
+
+  template <typename F, typename Expr1, typename Expr2, typename Expr3>
+  struct m3expr_;
+
+  template <typename T>
+  struct literal_expr_;
+
+  template <unsigned i>
+  struct arg_;
+
+  /// \}
+
+
+
+  /*! \class xtd::nargs_<F>
+  **
+  ** FIXME: doc
+  ** FIXME: and add a mechanism so that the type of F is checked
+  ** FIXME: Cf. get_res0_ in xtd/abstract/meta_fun.hh 
+  */
+
+  template <typename F>
+  struct nargs_ : public mlc::undefined
+  {
+  };
+
+
+  namespace internal
+  {
+
+    template <typename F>
+    struct get_nargs_
+
+      : // private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_a(F, xtd::abstract::fun_expr_),
+	//	                 xtd::ERROR::SPECIALIZATION_OF_xtd_nargs_IS_FOR_xtd_fun_expr_ONLY >,
+        // FIXME: the static assertion above does *not* compile...
+
+	private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(xtd::nargs_<F>, mlc::undefined),
+			      xtd::ERROR::SPECIALIZATION_OF_xtd_nargs_NOT_FOUND_FOR_AN_xtd_fun_expr >
+    {
+      static const unsigned ret = xtd::nargs_<F>::ret;
+    };
+
+  } // end of xtd::internal
+
+
+
+  namespace abstract
+  {
+
 
     /*! \class xtd::abstract::fun_expr_<E>
     **
@@ -74,8 +141,6 @@
     {
     public:
 
-      // evaluation:
-
       template <typename Args>
       xtd_expr_res(E, Args)
       eval(const Args& as) const
@@ -85,15 +150,15 @@
 	return exact_of(this)->impl_eval(as);
       }
 
-      // FIXME: the get_nargs method is obsolete; remove it!
-      unsigned nargs() const { return xtd_nargs(E); }
-
     protected:
       fun_expr_() {}
     };
 
 
 
+
+
+
     /*! \class xtd::abstract::nary_fun_expr_<n, E>
     **
     ** Abstract base class for function expressions with an explicit
@@ -125,10 +190,19 @@
 	public meta_nary_fun_<0, E>
     {
     public:
-      xtd_res_0(E) impl_calc() const
+
+      // the return type here is not xtd_res_0(E)
+      // the explanations are given with meta_nary_fun_<0, E>::operator()()
+      // in file xtd/abstract/meta_fun.hh
+
+      xtd_internal_res_0(E)
+	impl_calc() const
       {
 	return this->eval(mk_args());
       }
+
+      // no bind_i method here
+
     protected:
       nary_fun_expr_() {}
     };
@@ -150,12 +224,16 @@
 	public meta_nary_fun_<1, E>
     {
     public:
+
       template <typename A>
       xtd_res_1(E, A)
       impl_calc(const A& a) const
       {
 	return this->eval(mk_args(a));
       }
+
+      // no bind_i method here
+
     protected:
       nary_fun_expr_() {}
     };
@@ -177,12 +255,22 @@
 	public meta_nary_fun_<2, E>
     {
     public:
+
       template <typename A1, typename A2>
       xtd_res_2(E, A1, A2)
       impl_calc(const A1& a1, const A2& a2) const
       {
 	return this->eval(mk_args(a1, a2));
       }
+
+      template <typename T>
+      m2expr_< E, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<2> >
+      bind_1(const T& value) const;
+
+      template <typename T>
+      m2expr_< E, arg_<1>, literal_expr_<T> >
+      bind_2(const T& value) const;
+
     protected:
       nary_fun_expr_() {}
     };
@@ -204,12 +292,26 @@
 	public meta_nary_fun_<3, E>
     {
     public:
+
       template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3>
       xtd_res_3(E, A1, A2, A3)
       impl_calc(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3) const
       {
 	return this->eval(mk_args(a1, a2, a3));
       }
+
+      template <typename T>
+      m3expr_< E, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<2>, arg_<3> >
+      bind_1(const T& value) const;
+
+      template <typename T>
+      m3expr_< E, arg_<1>, literal_expr_<T>, arg_<3> >
+      bind_2(const T& value) const;
+
+      template <typename T>
+      m3expr_< E, arg_<1>, arg_<2>, literal_expr_<T> >
+      bind_3(const T& value) const;
+
     protected:
       nary_fun_expr_() {}
     };
Index: xtd/abstract/fun.hh
--- xtd/abstract/fun.hh	(revision 439)
+++ xtd/abstract/fun.hh	(working copy)
@@ -51,6 +51,23 @@
 
   } // end of namespace xtd::abstract
 
+
+
+  // FIXME: doc
+
+  template <typename E>
+  const E* exact_of(const abstract::fun_<E>* f)
+  {
+    return (const E*)(const void*)(f);
+  }
+
+  template <typename E>
+  const E& exact_of(const abstract::fun_<E>& f)
+  {
+    return *(const E*)(const void*)(&f);
+  }
+
+
 } // end of namespace xtd
 
 
Index: xtd/abstract/plain_fun.hh
--- xtd/abstract/plain_fun.hh	(revision 439)
+++ xtd/abstract/plain_fun.hh	(working copy)
@@ -29,11 +29,12 @@
 # define EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_PLAIN_FUN_HH
 
 # include <mlc/flags.hh>
-# include <mlc/bool.hh> // FIXME: should be assert.hh
+# include <mlc/assert.hh>
 # include <mlc/is_a.hh>
 # include <mlc/typedef.hh>
+# include <mlc/assert.hh>
+# include <mlc/abort.hh>
 
-# include <xtd/abstract/exact.hh>
 # include <xtd/abstract/fun.hh>
 # include <xtd/abstract/nary_fun.hh>
 
@@ -70,18 +71,24 @@
 
     struct YOU_SHOULD_NOT_DERIVE_FROM_xtd_plain_fun_BUT_FROM_xtd_plain_nary_fun;
 
+    struct FIXME;
+
+    struct AN_xtd_plain_function_DOES_NOT_ACCEPT_AN_xtd_function_AS_ARGUMENT;
+
     // FIXME: add error messages corresponding to definitions without sense
     // FIXME: such as having arg2 when the plain function is unary
 
   } // end of namespace xtd::ERROR
 
 
+
   template <typename F>
   struct fun_traits_ : public mlc::undefined
   {
     // nothing
   };
 
+
   mlc_decl_typedef(arg_type);
 
   mlc_decl_typedef(arg1_type);
@@ -94,8 +101,12 @@
   namespace abstract
   {
 
-    // fwd decl
+    /// Forward declarations.
+    /// \{
     template <unsigned n, typename E> class plain_nary_fun_;
+    template <typename E> class meta_fun_;
+    template <typename E> class fun_expr_;
+    /// \}
 
 
 
@@ -157,10 +168,12 @@
 	public nary_fun_<0>
     {
     public:
+
       xtd_res(E) operator()() const
       {
 	return exact_of(this)->impl_op();
       }
+
     protected:
       plain_nary_fun_() {}
     };
@@ -185,10 +198,19 @@
                               xtd::ERROR::xtd_fun_traits_SHOULD_DEFINE_arg_type_FOR_AN_xtd_plain_nary_fun_WITH_n_BEING_1 >
     {
     public:
+
+      template <typename F>
+      void operator()(const abstract::fun_<F>&) const
+      {
+ 	mlc::abort_< F,
+	             xtd::ERROR::AN_xtd_plain_function_DOES_NOT_ACCEPT_AN_xtd_function_AS_ARGUMENT >::check();
+      }
+
       xtd_res(E) operator()(const xtd_arg(E)& arg) const
       {
 	return exact_of(this)->impl_op(arg);
       }
+
     protected:
       plain_nary_fun_() {}
     };
Index: xtd/abstract/meta_fun.hh
--- xtd/abstract/meta_fun.hh	(revision 439)
+++ xtd/abstract/meta_fun.hh	(working copy)
@@ -28,10 +28,10 @@
 #ifndef EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_META_FUN_HH
 # define EXTENDED_ABSTRACT_META_FUN_HH
 
+# include <mlc/flags.hh>
 # include <mlc/pair.hh>
 # include <mlc/valist.hh>
 
-# include <xtd/abstract/exact.hh>
 # include <xtd/abstract/fun.hh>
 # include <xtd/abstract/nary_fun.hh>
 # include <xtd/args.hh>
@@ -46,6 +46,23 @@
 namespace xtd
 {
 
+
+  namespace ERROR
+  {
+    struct ARG_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN;
+    struct ARG1_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN;
+    struct ARG2_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN;
+    struct ARG3_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN;
+
+    struct ARG_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_NON_EXPR_FUN;
+    struct ARG1_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_NON_EXPR_FUN;
+    struct ARG2_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_NON_EXPR_FUN;
+    struct ARG3_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_NON_EXPR_FUN;
+
+  }// end of namespace xtd
+
+
+
   // FIXME: document case stuff...
 
   namespace tag
@@ -109,6 +126,8 @@
 } // end of namespace xtd
 
 
+
+
 namespace xtd
 {
 
@@ -169,7 +188,16 @@
     {
     public:
 
-      xtd_res_0(E)
+      /*
+      ** This member is not templated so its behavior at compile-time
+      ** is different than meta_nary_fun_<n,E>::operator() where n >
+      ** 0.  Here the return type should be known before the hierarchy
+      ** classes are fully compiled thus static assertions in the
+      ** macro xtd_res_0 do *not* work.  An alternate macro is thus
+      ** in use. 
+      */
+
+      xtd_internal_res_0(E)
       operator()() const
       {
 	return exact_of(this)->impl_calc();
@@ -198,7 +226,16 @@
     public:
 
       template <typename A>
-      struct case_ : public xtd::case_< xtd::tag::meta_1ary_fun_operator,
+      struct case_ 
+
+	: private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A, xtd::abstract::plain_fun_),
+				xtd::ERROR::ARG_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN >,
+
+	  private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc_is_a(A, xtd::abstract::meta_fun_),
+					       mlc_is_a(A, xtd::abstract::fun_expr_) >,
+				xtd::ERROR::ARG_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_NON_EXPR_FUN >,
+
+	  public xtd::case_< xtd::tag::meta_1ary_fun_operator,
 					mlc::pair_<E, A> >::ret
       {};
 
@@ -232,7 +269,23 @@
     public:
 
       template <typename A1, typename A2>
-      struct case_ : public xtd::case_< xtd::tag::meta_2ary_fun_operator,
+      struct case_
+
+	: private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A1, xtd::abstract::plain_fun_),
+				xtd::ERROR::ARG1_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN >,
+
+	  private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc_is_a(A1, xtd::abstract::meta_fun_),
+					       mlc_is_a(A1, xtd::abstract::fun_expr_) >,
+				xtd::ERROR::ARG1_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_NON_EXPR_FUN >,
+
+	  private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A2, xtd::abstract::plain_fun_),
+				xtd::ERROR::ARG2_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN >,
+
+	  private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc_is_a(A2, xtd::abstract::meta_fun_),
+					       mlc_is_a(A2, xtd::abstract::fun_expr_) >,
+				xtd::ERROR::ARG2_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_NON_EXPR_FUN >,
+
+	  public xtd::case_< xtd::tag::meta_2ary_fun_operator,
 					mlc::valist_<E, A1, A2> >::ret
       {};
 
@@ -265,7 +318,30 @@
     public:
 
       template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3>
-      struct case_ : public xtd::case_< xtd::tag::meta_3ary_fun_operator,
+      struct case_
+
+	: private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A1, xtd::abstract::plain_fun_),
+				xtd::ERROR::ARG1_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN >,
+
+	  private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc_is_a(A1, xtd::abstract::meta_fun_),
+					       mlc_is_a(A1, xtd::abstract::fun_expr_) >,
+				xtd::ERROR::ARG1_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_NON_EXPR_FUN >,
+
+	  private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A2, xtd::abstract::plain_fun_),
+				xtd::ERROR::ARG2_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN >,
+
+	  private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc_is_a(A2, xtd::abstract::meta_fun_),
+					       mlc_is_a(A2, xtd::abstract::fun_expr_) >,
+				xtd::ERROR::ARG2_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_NON_EXPR_FUN >,
+
+	  private mlc::assert_< mlc_is_not_a(A3, xtd::abstract::plain_fun_),
+				xtd::ERROR::ARG3_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_PLAIN_FUN >,
+
+	  private mlc::assert_< mlc::implies_< mlc_is_a(A3, xtd::abstract::meta_fun_),
+					       mlc_is_a(A3, xtd::abstract::fun_expr_) >,
+				xtd::ERROR::ARG3_SHOULD_NOT_BE_A_META_NON_EXPR_FUN >,
+
+	  public xtd::case_< xtd::tag::meta_3ary_fun_operator,
 					mlc::valist_<E, A1, A2, A3> >::ret
       {};
 
Index: xtd/arg.hh
--- xtd/arg.hh	(revision 439)
+++ xtd/arg.hh	(working copy)
@@ -36,16 +36,10 @@
 
 
 
-
-# define xtd_nargs(F) xtd::nargs_<F>::ret
-
-
-
 namespace xtd
 {
 
 
-
   namespace internal
   {
 
Index: tests/id.cc
--- tests/id.cc	(revision 439)
+++ tests/id.cc	(working copy)
@@ -37,7 +37,9 @@
     xtd::plain_id_<float> id_float;
     std::cout << id_float(5.1f) << std::endl;
 
+    // xfail tests:
+    // xtd::id(id_int);
+    // xtd::id(xtd::id);
   }
 
-    
 }
Index: tests/bind.cc
--- tests/bind.cc	(revision 0)
+++ tests/bind.cc	(revision 0)
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#include <iostream>
+
+#include <xtd/math.hh>
+
+
+int main()
+{
+  using xtd::_1;
+  using xtd::_2;
+  using xtd::lit;
+
+  (_1 + _2)(_1, _1);
+
+  (_1 + _2)(_1, lit(1.f));
+
+  (_1 + _2).bind_2(1.f);
+
+  std::cout << (_1 + _2)(5., 1.) << std::endl;
+
+//   std::cout << (_1 + _2)(_1, 1.)(5.) << std::endl;
+
+  // autre probl�me :
+  // std::cout << (_1 + 1)(5.f) << std::endl;
+
+}
Index: tests/Makefile.am
--- tests/Makefile.am	(revision 439)
+++ tests/Makefile.am	(working copy)
@@ -9,11 +9,15 @@
 
 check_PROGRAMS =				\
   id						\
+  bind						\
   cast						\
-  cos
+  cos						\
+  lit
 
 id_SOURCES = id.cc
+bind_SOURCES = bind.cc
 cast_SOURCES = cast.cc
 cos_SOURCES = cos.cc
+lit_SOURCES = lit.cc
 
 TESTS = $(check_PROGRAMS)
Index: tests/lit.cc
--- tests/lit.cc	(revision 0)
+++ tests/lit.cc	(revision 0)
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <xtd/literal.hh>
+
+
+int main()
+{
+
+  {
+    xtd::plain_literal_<double> l(5.1);
+  }
+
+  {
+    typedef xtd::meta_literal_<double> F;
+    F l(5.1);
+    // xtd_res_0_(F) tmp;
+    // int warning = tmp;
+  }
+
+  {
+    xtd::literal_expr_<double> l(5.1);
+  }
+
+
+  std::cout << mlc_is_a_(xtd::meta_literal_<double>, xtd::abstract::meta_fun_)::eval::value << std::endl;
+}
                    
                  
                  
                          
                            
                            1
                            
                          
                          
                            
                            0
                            
                          
                          
                            
    
                          
                        
                    
                    
                        
https://svn.lrde.epita.fr/svn/oln/trunk/metalic
Index: ChangeLog
from  Thierry Geraud  <theo(a)lrde.epita.fr>
	Add mlc::abort_ for use in invalid code blocks.
	* mlc/abort.hh: New.
	* mlc/TODO: Update.
 TODO     |   32 +++++++++++++++++-
 abort.hh |  109 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 140 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
Index: mlc/TODO
--- mlc/TODO	(revision 438)
+++ mlc/TODO	(working copy)
@@ -19,6 +19,11 @@
 not define mlc::uint_;  etc.
 
 
+* addition
+
+mlc_eval (such as mlc_bool and mlc_value)
+
+
 * renaming
 
 ** cmp.hh
@@ -34,4 +39,29 @@
 
 ** mlc_is_a
 
-It uses wrap_; though, is it really useful?
+It uses wrap_; though, is it really useful?  the answer seems to be yes.
+The code below:
+
+template <typename T>
+struct ok : public something< mlc_is_a(T, int) >
+{
+};
+
+works well and we do not have to write mlc_is_a_ with the '_' at the end
+so that's better.   yet is it a direct consequence of the wrapping?
+
+** boolean and bexpr
+
+the last part of the disambiguation between boolean and bexpr is to
+remove the inheritance between true_ (resp. false_) and bexpr.
+
+that should lead to:
+*** new types
+true_expr_ and false_expr_
+*** update
+concrete bexprs should not be related to true_ and false_
+static checks should change
+*** remove
+eval in true_ and false_
+
+
Index: mlc/abort.hh
--- mlc/abort.hh	(revision 0)
+++ mlc/abort.hh	(revision 0)
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2006 EPITA Research and Development Laboratory
+//
+// This file is part of the Olena Library.  This library is free
+// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
+// of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by the
+// Free Software Foundation.
+//
+// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+// General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with this library; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to
+// the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston,
+// MA 02111-1307, USA.
+//
+// As a special exception, you may use this file as part of a free
+// software library without restriction.  Specifically, if other files
+// instantiate templates or use macros or inline functions from this
+// file, or you compile this file and link it with other files to
+// produce an executable, this file does not by itself cause the
+// resulting executable to be covered by the GNU General Public
+// License.  This exception does not however invalidate any other
+// reasons why the executable file might be covered by the GNU General
+// Public License.
+
+#ifndef METALIC_ABORT_HH
+# define METALIC_ABORT_HH
+
+# include <mlc/bexpr.hh>
+# include <mlc/assert.hh>
+# include <mlc/cmp.hh>
+# include <mlc/is_a.hh>
+
+
+
+namespace mlc
+{
+
+  namespace ERROR
+  {
+    struct FIRST_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_abort_SHOULD_NOT_BE_an_abstract_bexpr;
+
+  } // end of namespace mlc::ERROR
+
+
+  namespace internal
+  {
+
+    /*! \class mlc::always_false_<T>
+    **
+    ** FIXME: doc
+    **
+    ** \see mlc::abort_<T, err>
+    **
+    */
+
+    template <typename T>
+    struct always_false_
+
+      : public bexpr_is_<false>
+    {
+    protected:
+      always_false_() {}
+    };
+
+  } // end of mlc::internal
+
+
+
+  /*! \class mlc::abort_<T, err>
+  **
+  ** FIXME: doc
+  **
+  ** T is important here; since there is an unknown type at compile-time
+  ** the parsing can run through a routine that owns an abort_ instruction.
+  **
+  ** If there were no free type like this, the routine produces an error
+  ** at compile-time (actually there is an abort!) even if this routine
+  ** is not explicitly called in the code. 
+  **
+  ** \note \a T can be any type... except a bexpr so that we can
+  ** detect that the user has used abort_ instead of assert_.
+  **
+  ** \see assert_<bexpr, err>
+  **
+  */
+
+  template <typename T, typename err = no_error_message>
+  struct abort_ :
+
+//     private assert_< not_<mlc_is_a(T, abstract::bexpr)>,
+// 		     mlc::ERROR::FIRST_PARAMETER_OF_mlc_abort_SHOULD_NOT_BE_an_abstract_bexpr >,
+
+    public internal::always_false_<T>
+  {
+  protected:
+    abort_() {}
+  };
+
+
+
+
+
+} // end of namespace mlc
+
+
+#endif // ! METALIC_ABORT_HH
                    
                  
                  
                          
                            
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